Circulo de Mohr

Third Edition
CHAPTER
MECHANICS OF
MATERIALS
Ferdinand P. Beer
E. Russell Johnston, Jr.
John T. DeWolf
Lecture Notes:
J. Walt Oler
Texas Tech University
TRANSFORMACION
DE ESFUERZOS Y
DEFORMACIONES
2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights
Third
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Beer Johnston DeWolf
Transformations of Stress and Strain

Introduction
Transformation of Plane Stress
Principal Stresses
Maximum Shearing Stress
Example 7.01
Sample Problem 7.1
Mohrs Circle for Plane Stress
Example 7.02
Sample Problem 7.2
General State of Stress
Application of Mohrs Circle to the Three- Dimensional Analysis of Stress
Yield Criteria for Ductile Materials Under Plane Stress
Fracture Criteria for Brittle Materials Under Plane Stress
Stresses in Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels
2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
7-2
Third
Introduccin
El estado ms general de tensin en un punto
puede ser representado por 6 componentes:
, x , y , z
xy , yz , zx
Esfuerzos normales
ESfuerzos cortantes
(Nota: xy yx , yz zy , zx xz )
El mismo estado de tensin est representada

por un conjunto diferente de los componentes
si se hacen girar los ejes
. La primera parte del captulo trata de
.
determinar como se transforman las seis
componentes del esfuerzo mediante una
rotacin de ejes.
. La segunda parte estar dedicada a un anlisis
anlogo de la transformacin de los
componenetes de la deformacin
7-3
Third
Introduction
Nuestra discusin de la transformacin de
esfuerzos tratar principalmente el esfuerzo plano..
Si escogemos al eje z perpendicular a estas caras,
se tiene:
x , y , xy and z zx zy 0.
La condicion mencionada ocurre en una placa
delgada
Tambin ocurre en las superficies libres de un

alemento estructural, o sea, en cualquier punto de
la superficie de dicho elemento o componenete
que no este sometido a una fuerza externa
7-4
Third
La transformacin de la tensin plana

Considerando un elemento prismtico con caras
perpendiculares al eje x, eje y, y el eje x '
.
Fx 0 xA x A cos cos xy A cos sin

y A sin sin xy A sin cos
Fy 0 xy A x A cos sin xy A cos cos

y A sin cos xy A sin sin
Las ecuaciones pueden ser reescritos por:

x
y
x y
2
x y
xy
2
x y
2
x y
2
x y
2
cos 2 xy sin 2
cos 2 xy sin 2
sin 2 xy cos 2
7-5
Third
Principal Stresses
Las ecuaciones anteriores se combinan para obtener
las ecuaciones paramtricas para un crculo,
2
2
x
prom
xy
2
donde
prom
x y
x y
2
R
xy
2
Tensiones principales se producen en los planos

principales del esfuerzo con cero esfuerzos
cortantes
2
y
y
2
max,min x
x
xy
2
2
2 xy
tan 2 p
x y
Nota : define dos ngulos separados por 90
7-6
Third
Esfuerzo cortante mximo

Esfuerzo de cizallamiento mximo se produce por
x prom
2
max
y
2
R x
xy
2
tan 2 s
x y
2 xy
Nota: Esta ecuacin define dos valores de s separados por 90o
ave
x y
2
7-7
Third
Example 7.01
SOLUTION:
Encuentra la orientacin del elemento para los
esfuerzos principales:
tan 2 p
2 xy
x y
Determinar los esfuerzos principales:

max,min
x y
2
x y
2
xy
Para el estado de tensin plana

Calcular el esfuerzo de cizallamiento mximo
que se muestra, determine:
con
2
(a) los planos principales,
x y
2
xy
max
2
(b) Los esfuerzos principales,
(c) el esfuerzo de corte mximo

y
el
esfuerzo
normal
correspondiente
x y
7-8
Third
Example 7.01
SOLUTION:
Encuentra la orientacin elemento para los
esfuerzos principales:
tan 2 p
2 xy
x y
2 40
1.333
50 10
2 p 53.1, 233.1
x 50 MPa
y 10 MPa
xy 40 MPa
p 26.6, 116 .6
Determinar las tensiones principales

max,min
x y
2
20
x y
2
xy
30 2 40 2
max 70 MPa
min 30 MPa
7-9
Third
Example 7.01
Calcular el esfuerzo de cizallamiento mximo
con
2
x y
max
2
xy
30 2 40 2
max 50 MPa
x 50 MPa
x 10 MPa
xy 40 MPa
s p 45
s 18.4, 71.6
La tensin normal correspondiente es

ave
x y
2
50 10
2
20 MPa
7 - 10
Third
Sample Problem 7.1

SOLUCION:
Determinar un equivalente fuerza-par
en el centro de la seccin transversal
que pasa a travs de H
Evaluar las tensiones normal y cortante en
H.
Determinar los planos principales y
calcular las tensiones principales
Una fuerza horizontal P de magnitud
150 libras se aplica en el extremo D de
la palanca de ABD. Determinar: (a) las
tensiones normal y cortante en un
elemento en el punto H con lados
paralelos a los ejes X e Y, (b) los planos
principales y las tensiones principales en
el punto H.
7 - 11
Third
Sample Problem 7.1

SOLUTION:
Determinar un equivalente fuerza-par en
el centro de la seccin transversal que
pasa a travs de H.
P 150 lb
T 150 lb 18 in 2.7 kip in
M x 150 lb 10 in 1.5 kip in
Evaluar las tensiones normal y cortante en

H.
y
1.5 kip in 0.6 in

Mc
1 0.6 in 4
I
4
xy
2.7 kip in 0.6 in

Tc
1 0.6 in 4
J
2
x 0 y 8.84 ksi y 7.96 ksi

7 - 12
Third
Sample Problem 7.1

Determinar los planos principales y calcular las
tensiones principales.
tan 2 p
2 xy
x y
2 7.96
1.8
0 8.84
2 p 61.0,119
p 30.5, 59.5
max,min
x y
2
x y
0 8.84
0 8.84
2
2
2
xy
7.96 2
max 13.52 ksi

min 4.68 ksi
7 - 13
Third
Circulo de Mohrs para esfuerzo plano

Con el significado fsico del crculo de Mohr para
tensin plana establecida, puede ser aplicada con
simples consideraciones geomtricas. Los valores
crticos se estiman o calculan grficamente.
Para un estado conocido de tensin plana
x , y , xy trazar el crculo con centro en C
ave
x y
2
x y
R
2
2
xy
Las tensiones principales son obtenidas en A y B

max,min ave R
tan 2 p
2 xy
x y
7 - 14
Third

Con el crculo de Mohr definida de forma
nica, el estado de tensin en las orientaciones
de otros ejes pueden ser representados.
Para el estado de efuerzos en un ngulo q con
respecto a los ejes xy, construir un nuevo
dimetro X'Y 'en un 2q ngulo con respecto a
XY.
Normal and shear stresses are obtained
from the coordinates XY.
7 - 15
Third

Mohrs circle for centric axial loading:
P
, y xy 0
A
x y xy
P
2A
Mohrs circle for torsional loading:
x y 0 xy
Tc
J
x y
Tc
xy 0
J
7 - 16
Third
Example 7.02
Para el estado de esfuerzos

(a)Construir el circulo de Mohrs
(b)Determine los esfuerzos
principales
(c)Determine el esfuerzo cortante
mximo y su correspondiente
esfuerzo normal.
SOLUCION:
Construccion del circulo de Mohrs
x y 50 10
20 MPa
2
2
CF 50 20 30 MPa FX 40 MPa
prom
R CX
30
40 50 MPa
2
7 - 17
Third
Example 7.02
Planos principales y las tensiones
max OA OC CA 20 50
max 70 MPa
max OB OC BC 20 50
max 30 MPa
FX 40
CP 30
2 p 53.1
tan 2 p
p 26.6
7 - 18
Third
Example 7.02
Esfuerzo cortante mximo

s p 45
max R
ave
s 71.6
max 50 MPa
20 MPa
7 - 19
Third
Sample Problem 7.2
Para el estado de esfuerzos que se

muestra, determinar (a) los planos
principales y los esfuerzos
principales, (b) los componentes
SOLUCION:
del esfuerzo ejercido sobre el
elemento obtenido mediante la
Construct Mohrs circle
rotacin del elemento dado en
x y 100 60
80 MPa
ave
sentido antihorario a travs de
2
2
30.
2
2
2
2
R
CF
FX
20
48 52 MPa
7 - 20
Third
Sample Problem 7.2
Principales planos de esfuerzos

XF 48
2.4
CF 20
2 p 67.4
tan 2 p
p 33.7 clockwise
max OA OC CA
80 52
max OA OC BC
80 52
max 132 MPa
min 28 MPa
7 - 21
Third
Sample Problem 7.2
Componentes del esfuerzo despus de la

rotacin de 30
Los puntos X 'e Y' en el crculo de Mohr
que corresponden a las componentes de
los esfuerzos en el elemento de rotado,
se obtiene girando en sentido antihorario
2 60
a la lnea XY un ngulo
180 60 67.4 52.6

x OK OC KC 80 52 cos 52.6
y OL OC CL 80 52 cos 52.6
xy KX 52 sin 52.6
x 48.4 MPa
y 111 .6 MPa
xy 41.3 MPa
7 - 22
Third
General State of Stress

Consider the general 3D state of stress at a point and
the transformation of stress from element rotation
State of stress at Q defined by: x , y , z , xy , yz , zx
Consider tetrahedron with face perpendicular to the
line QN with direction cosines: x , y , z
The requirement Fn 0 leads to,
n x 2x y 2y z 2z
2 xy x y 2 yz y z 2 zx z x
Form of equation guarantees that an element

orientation can be found such that
n a 2a bb2 c c2
These are the principal axes and principal planes

and the normal stresses are the principal stresses.
7 - 23
Third
Application of Mohrs Circle to the ThreeDimensional Analysis of Stress
Transformation of stress for an element

rotated around a principal axis may be
represented by Mohrs circle.
The three circles represent the

normal and shearing stresses for
rotation around each principal axis.
Points A, B, and C represent the

principal stresses on the principal
planes (shearing stress is zero)
Radius of the largest circle yields the

maximum shearing stress.
1
max max min
2
7 - 24
Third

In the case of plane stress, the axis
perpendicular to the plane of stress is a
principal axis (shearing stress equal zero).
If the points A and B (representing the
principal planes) are on opposite sides of
the origin, then
a) the corresponding principal stresses
are the maximum and minimum
normal stresses for the element
b) the maximum shearing stress for the
element is equal to the maximum inplane shearing stress
c) planes of maximum shearing stress
are at 45o to the principal planes.
7 - 25
Third

If A and B are on the same side of the
origin (i.e., have the same sign), then
a) the circle defining maxminand
max for the element is not the circle
corresponding to transformations
within the plane of stress
b) maximum shearing stress for the
element is equal to half of the
maximum stress
c) planes of maximum shearing stress are
at 45 degrees to the plane of stress
7 - 26
Third

Failure of a machine component
subjected to uniaxial stress is directly
predicted from an equivalent tensile test
Failure of a machine component
subjected to plane stress cannot be
directly predicted from the uniaxial state
of stress in a tensile test specimen
It is convenient to determine the
principal stresses and to base the failure
criteria on the corresponding biaxial
stress state
Failure criteria are based on the
mechanism of failure. Allows
comparison of the failure conditions for
a uniaxial stress test and biaxial
component loading
7 - 27
Third

Maximum shearing stress criteria:
Structural component is safe as long as the
maximum shearing stress is less than the
maximum shearing stress in a tensile test
specimen at yield, i.e.,
max Y Y
2
For a and b with the same sign,

max
or b Y
2
2
2
For a and b with opposite signs,

max
a b Y
2
2
7 - 28
Third

Maximum distortion energy criteria:
distortion energy per unit volume is less
than that occurring in a tensile test specimen
at yield.
ud uY
1 2
1
a a b b2
Y2 Y 0 02
6G
6G
a2 a b b2 Y2
7 - 29
Third
Fracture Criteria for Brittle Materials Under Plane Stress

Brittle materials fail suddenly through rupture
or fracture in a tensile test. The failure
condition is characterized by the ultimate
strength U.
Maximum normal stress criteria:
maximum normal stress is less than the
ultimate strength of a tensile test specimen.
a U
b U
7 - 30
Third

Cylindrical vessel with principal stresses
1 = hoop stress
2 = longitudinal stress
Hoop stress:
Fz 0 1 2t x p 2r x
pr
1
t
Longitudinal stress:
2
Fx 0 2 2 rt p r
pr
2
2t
1 2 2
7 - 31
Third

Points A and B correspond to hoop stress, 1,
and longitudinal stress, 2
Maximum in-plane shearing stress:
1
pr
max(in plane) 2
2
4t
Maximum out-of-plane shearing stress

corresponds to a 45o rotation of the plane
stress element around a longitudinal axis
pr
max 2
2t
7 - 32
Third

Spherical pressure vessel:
1 2
pr
2t
Mohrs circle for in-plane

transformations reduces to a point
1 2 constant
max(in -plane) 0
Maximum out-of-plane shearing

stress
pr
max 12 1
4t
7 - 33
Third
Transformation of Plane Strain

Plane strain - deformations of the material
take place in parallel planes and are the
same in each of those planes.
Plane strain occurs in a plate subjected
along its edges to a uniformly distributed
load and restrained from expanding or
contracting laterally by smooth, rigid and
fixed supports
components of strain :
x y xy
z zx zy 0
Example: Consider a long bar subjected

to uniformly distributed transverse loads.
State of plane stress exists in any
transverse section not located too close to
the ends of the bar.
7 - 34
Third
Transformation of Plane Strain

State of strain at the point Q results in
different strain components with respect
to the xy and xy reference frames.
x cos 2 y sin 2 xy sin cos
OB 45 12 x y xy
xy 2 OB x y
Applying the trigonometric relations

used for the transformation of stress,
x
y
xy
2
x y
2
x y
2
x y
2
x y
x y
2
cos 2
cos 2
sin 2
xy
2
xy
2
xy
2
sin 2
sin 2
cos 2
7 - 35
Third
Mohrs Circle for Plane Strain

The equations for the transformation of
plane strain are of the same form as the
equations for the transformation of plane
stress - Mohrs circle techniques apply.
Abscissa for the center C and radius R ,
ave
x y
x y
R
2
xy
Principal axes of strain and principal strains,

tan 2 p
xy
x y
max ave R
min ave R
Maximum in-plane shearing strain,

max 2 R
x y 2 xy2
7 - 36
Third
Three-Dimensional Analysis of Strain

Previously demonstrated that three principal
axes exist such that the perpendicular
element faces are free of shearing stresses.
By Hookes Law, it follows that the
shearing strains are zero as well and that
the principal planes of stress are also the
principal planes of strain.
Rotation about the principal axes may be
represented by Mohrs circles.
7 - 37
Third

For the case of plane strain where the x and y
axes are in the plane of strain,
- the z axis is also a principal axis
- the corresponding principal normal strain
is represented by the point Z = 0 or the
origin.
If the points A and B lie on opposite sides
of the origin, the maximum shearing strain
is the maximum in-plane shearing strain, D
and E.
If the points A and B lie on the same side of
the origin, the maximum shearing strain is
out of the plane of strain and is represented
by the points D and E.
7 - 38
Third

Consider the case of plane stress,
x a y b z 0
Corresponding normal strains,
a a b
E
E
b a b
E
E
a b
c a b
E
1
Strain perpendicular to the plane of stress

is not zero.
If B is located between A and C on the
Mohr-circle diagram, the maximum
shearing strain is equal to the diameter CA.
7 - 39
Third
Measurements of Strain: Strain Rosette

Strain gages indicate normal strain through
changes in resistance.
With a 45o rosette, x and y are measured
directly. xy is obtained indirectly with,
xy 2 OB x y
Normal and shearing strains may be

obtained from normal strains in any three
directions,
1 x cos 2 1 y sin 2 1 xy sin 1 cos1
2 x cos 2 2 y sin 2 2 xy sin 2 cos 2
3 x cos 2 3 y sin 2 3 xy sin 3 cos 3
7 - 40

Circulo de Mohr

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Third Edition

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Transformations of Stress and Strain

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Beer Johnston DeWolf

El mismo estado de tensin est representada

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Tambin ocurre en las superficies libres de un

Beer Johnston DeWolf

La transformacin de la tensin plana

Fx 0 xA x A cos cos xy A cos sin

Fy 0 xy A x A cos sin xy A cos cos

Las ecuaciones pueden ser reescritos por:

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Tensiones principales se producen en los planos

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Esfuerzo cortante mximo

Nota: Esta ecuacin define dos valores de s separados por 90o

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Determinar los esfuerzos principales:

Para el estado de tensin plana

(c) el esfuerzo de corte mximo

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Determinar las tensiones principales

Beer Johnston DeWolf

La tensin normal correspondiente es

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Sample Problem 7.1

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Sample Problem 7.1

Evaluar las tensiones normal y cortante en

1.5 kip in 0.6 in

2.7 kip in 0.6 in

x 0 y 8.84 ksi y 7.96 ksi

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Sample Problem 7.1

max 13.52 ksi

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Circulo de Mohrs para esfuerzo plano

Las tensiones principales son obtenidas en A y B

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Mohrs Circle for Plane Stress

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Mohrs Circle for Plane Stress

Mohrs circle for torsional loading:

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Para el estado de esfuerzos

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Beer Johnston DeWolf

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Beer Johnston DeWolf

Esfuerzo cortante mximo

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.