What is translation?

Translation is the expression in another

language (or target language) of what has
been expressed in another, source language,
preserving semantic and stylistic equivalence.
(Dubois, 1973)

Translation is the replacement of a

representation of a text in one language by a
representation of an equivalent text in a
second language. (Hartmann and Stock, 1972)

 Translation

is the replacement of
textual material in one language by
equivalent textual material in
another language Catford (1965: 20)

Translating

consists of reproducing in
the receptor language the closest
natural equivalent of the source
language message, first in terms of
meaning and secondly in terms of
style (Nida and Taber, 1982)

 Translation

is the general term referring to

the transfer of thoughts and ideas from
one language (source) to another (target),
whether the languages are in written or
oral form; whether the languages have
established orthographies or do not have
such standardization or whether one or
both languages is based on signs, as with
sign languages of the deaf (Brislin, 1976)

 Translation

is a process of finding a
TL equivalent for an SL utterance.
(Pinhuhuck, 1977:38)

Translation

is a craft consisting in the

attempt to replace a written message
and/or statement in one language by
the same message and/or statement
in another language. (Newmark,
1981:7)

 Translation

involves the rendering of a

source language (SL) text into the
target language (TL) so as to ensure
that (1) the surface meaning of the two
will be approximately similar and (2) the
structure of the SL will be preserved as
closely as possible, but not so closely
that the TL structure will be seriously
distorted. (McGuire, 1980:2)

 Translation

is a transfer process
which aims at the transformation of a
written SL text into an optimally
equivalent TL text, and which
requires the syntactic, the systematic
and the pragmatic understanding
and analytical processing of the SL
(Wilss and Noss, 1982).

What needs to consider in the

process of translation?
Text

in different languages can equivalent

in different degrees (fully or partially
equivalent), in respect of different levels of
presentation (equivalent in respect of
context, of semantics, of grammar, of lexis,
etc) and at different ranks (word-for-word,
phrase-for-phrase, sentence-for-sentence).
Languages are different from each other;
they are different in form having distinct
codes and rules regulating the construction
of grammatical stretches of language and
these forms have different meaning.

What is a good translation?

Translation

that should give a complete

transcript of the ideas of the original work

Translation

that the style and manner of

writing should be of the same character
with that of the original

Translation

that should have all the ease of

the original composition
(Tytler, 1791)

What is translation as product,

as process, and as a concept?
Translating:

the process (to translate:

activity rather than the tangible object)

translation: the product of the process

of translating (i.e. the translated text)

Translation:

the abstract concept which

encompasses both the process of
translating and the product of that
process

What is the process of

transferring the meaning into
the receptor language text?
Translation consist of studying the
lexicon, grammatical structure,
communication situation, and cultural
context of the source language text,
analyzing it in order to determine its
meaning, and then reconstructing this
same meaning using the lexicon and
grammatical structure which are
appropriate in the receptor language
and its cultural context.

What are the characteristics of

language which affect translation?
a)

b)

Meaning components are packaged into

lexical items, but they are packaged
differently in one language than in
another. Many times a single word in the
source language will need to be
translated by several words.
It is characteristic of language that the
same meaning component will occur in
several surface structure lexical items
(forms).

c)

d)

e)

It is further characteristics of languages

that one form will be used to represent
several alternative meaning.
Whole sentences may also have several
functions. A question form may be used
for a nonquestion.
A single meaning may be expressed in a
variety of forms.

What is the goal of a translator?

The goal of a translator should be to
produce a receptor language text
(translation), which is idiomatic; that
is, one which has the same meaning
as the source language but is
expressed in the natural form of the
receptor language. The meaning, not
the form, is retained.

How does the translator know that he

is successful in his translation task?
He will know that he is successful if
the receptor language readers do not
recognize his work as a translation at
all, but simply as a text written in the
receptor language for their
information and enjoyment.

How does the translator make his

translation as dynamic as the original
text?
For the translation to have the same
dynamics as the original, it will need
to natural and easy to understand so
that the readers will find it easy to
grasp the message, including both
the information and the emotional
effect intended by the source
language writer.

Translation is the expression in another

language (or target language) of what has
been expressed in another, source language,
preserving semantic and stylistic equivalence.
Terjemahan adalah ungkapan ke dalam bahasa
lain dari apa yang telah diungkapkan dalam
bahasa asli dengan tetap menjaga persamaan
(padanan) makna dan gaya bahasa

Translation is the replacement of a representation of

a
Terjemahan
adalah
mengganti
text in one language
by a
representation of an
equivalent
in a second
language.
sebuah
teks text
dalam
satu bahasa

dengan teks yang sepadan dalam

bahasa lain.

Terjemahan

adalah penempatan
kembali sebuah teks dalam satu
bahasa ke dalam bahasa lain.