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Constructed Wetlands
Disclaimer
The contents of the SSWM Toolbox reflect the opinions of the respective authors and not necessarily the official opinion of the funding or
supporting partner organisations.
Depending on the initial situations and respective local circumstances, there is no guarantee that single measures described in the toolbox
will make the local water and sanitation system more sustainable. The main aim of the SSWM Toolbox is to be a reference tool to provide
ideas for improving the local water and sanitation situation in a sustainable manner. Results depend largely on the respective situation and
the implementation and combination of the measures described. An in-depth analysis of respective advantages and disadvantages and the
suitability of the measure is necessary in every single case. We do not assume any responsibility for and make no warranty with respect to
the results that may be obtained from the use of the information provided.
Constructed Wetlands
Contents
1. Concept
2. How can Constructed Wetlands optimise SSWM
3. Design Principles
4. Treatment Efficiency
5. Operation and Maintenance
6. Applicability
7. Pros and Cons
8. References
Constructed Wetlands
1. Concept
Introduction
Treatment step of DEWATS systems
Secondary treatment facilities for household (blackwater or
greywater, brownwater) and/or municipal or biodegredable industrial
wastewater.
(HOFFMANN et al. 2010)
Low-flush
toilet,
shower,
kitchen sink,
etc.
Groundwater
recharge
Source: UN-HABITAT (2008); STAUFFER (2012); MOREL & DIENER (2006); RUUESCH (2011); IPTRID (2008)
Constructed Wetlands
Constructed Wetlands
The latest generation of constructed wetlands for cold climate with integrated aerobic
biofilter in Norway.
Constructed Wetlands
Constructed Wetlands
Microbiological
breakdown of pollutants
Flood control
Constructed Wetlands
3. Design Principals
Horizontal Flow (HF)
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3. Design Principals
Vertical Flow (VF)
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3. Design Principals
Free Water Surface Flow (FWS)
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3. Design Principals
Hybrid Flow
Prototype of an integrated blackwater system (hybrid CW): UASB, followed by a vertical and then a
horizontal flow wetland).
Source: UPC (n.y.)
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4. Treatment Efficiency
Pollution Removal
Horizontal CW
Vertical CW
Free-Surface CW
Hybrid CW
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4. Treatment Efficiency
Health Aspect
High risk of infection if contact with the liquid filter influent or the
settled sludge in the pre-treatment facility
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Constructed Wetlands
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6. Applicability
Secondary or tertiary treatment process for black, brown and
greywater
Adequate strategy if land is no limiting factor (space and costs)
Constructed wetlands are natural systems and do not require
electrical energy (unless for pumps) or chemicals
Best suited for warm climates, but can be designed to tolerate
freezing periods
CWs can be combined with many other techniques such as
aquaculture, irrigation and several pre-treatment options.
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Constructed Wetlands
Disadvantages:
Permanent land required
Requires expert design and
supervision
Moderate capital cost
depending on land, liner, fill,
etc.; low operating costs
Pre-treatment is required to
prevent clogging
Low tolerance to durable cold
climates
Electricity may be required
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8. References
COASTAL WATER WATCH (Editor) (2010): Rain Garden and Ponds. URL: http://www.coastalwaterwatch.com/product2121.htm [Accessed: 21.02.2012]
GAUSS, M.; WSP (Editor) (2008): Constructed Wetlands: A Promising Wastewater Treatment system for Small Localities. Experiences from Latin America.
Washington D.C.: The World Bank. URL: http://www.wsp.org/wsp/sites/wsp.org/files/publications/ConstructedWetlands.pdf [Accessed: 12.12.2011]
HOFFMANN, H.; PLATZER, C.; WINKER, M.; MUENCH, E., v.; GTZ (Editor) (2011): Technology Review of Constructed Wetlands. Subsurface Flow Constructed
Wetlands for Greywater and Domestic Wastewater Treatment. Eschborn: Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Technische Zusammenarbeit GmbH (GTZ) Sustainable
sanitation - ecosan program. URL: http://www.gtz.de/en/dokumente/giz2011-en-technology-review-constructed-wetlands.pdf [Accessed: 14.11.2011]
IPTRID (Editor) (2008): Grid IPTRID Network Magazine. February 2008. Rome: International Programme for Technology and Research in Irrigation and Drainage
(IPTRID). URL: http://www.fao.org/landandwater/iptrid/docs/GRID28eng.pdf [Accessed: 27.06.2011]
JENSSEN, P. (n.y.): Decentralized Urban Greywater Treatment at Klosterenga Oslo. In: Ecological Engineering-Bridging between Ecology and Civil Engineering,
84-86. URL: http://www.umb.no/statisk/ecosan/publications/Klosterenga.pdf [Accessed: 21.02.2012].
LIPKOW, U.; MUENCH, E. von (2010): Constructed Wetland for a Peri-urban Housing Area Bayawan City, Philippines. Eschborn: Sustainable Sanitation Alliance
(SuSanA). URL: http://www.susana.org/docs_ccbk/susana_download/2-51-en-susana-cs-philippines-bayawan-constr-wetlands-2009.pdf [Accessed: 10.01.2011]
METROCOUNCIL (n.y.): Constructed Wetlands: Stormwater Wetlands. Saint Paul: Metropolitan Council. URL:
http://www.metrocouncil.org/environment/water/bmp/CH3_STConstWLSwWetland.pdf [Accessed: 21.02.2012]
MOREL, A.; DIENER, S. (2006): Greywater Management in Low and Middle-Income Countries, Review of different treatment systems for households or
neighbourhoods. Duebendorf: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science (EAWAG), Department of Water and Sanitation in Developing Countries (SANDEC). URL:
http://www.eawag.ch/forschung/sandec/publikationen/ewm/dl/Morel_Diener_Greywater_2006.pdf [Accessed: 19.05.2010]
TILLEY, E.; LUETHY, C.; MOREL, A.; ZURBRUEGG, C.; SCHERTENLEIB, R. (2008): Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies. Duebendorf and Geneva:
Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (EAWAG). URL: http://www.eawag.ch/forschung/sandec/publikationen/index [Accessed: 15.02.2010]
UN-HABITAT (Editor) (2008): Constructed Wetlands Manual. Kathmandu: UN-HABITAT, Water for Asian Cities Program. URL:
http://www.un.org.np/sites/default/files/CWManual.pdf [Accessed: 15.02.2012]
UPC (n.y.): Prototype of an Integrated Blackwater System. Barcelona: Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya.
VYMAZAL, J. (2005): Horizontal Sub-Surface Flow and Hybrid Constructed Wetlands Systems for Wastewater Treatment. Durham: Duke University Wetland
Center. URL: http://www.uvm.edu/~atuttle/john%20todd%20copy/zanzibar/HSF%20and%20hybrid%20CW%20for%20WW%20treatment%20Vymazal.pdf
[Accessed: 22.08.2011]
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SSWM is an
initiative
supported by:
Created
by:
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