Disaster:

Perspectives
Source: EK Noji, The Public Health Consequences
of Disaster

Disaster: Perspectives
A disaster is a result of a vast
ecological breakdown in the relation
between humans and their
environment, a serious or sudden
event on such a scale that the
stricken community needs
extraordinary efforts to cope with it,
often with outside help or
international aid
Source: EK Noji, The Public Health Consequences of
Disaster

Disaster: Perspectives
Public Health View
Disasters are defined
by what they do to people...
Source: EK Noji, The Public Health Consequences of
Disaster

Disaster: Perspectives
Major Categories of
Disasters
-Natural Disasters
-Human-generated Disasters
Sources: CDC & EK Noji, The Public Health Consequences of
Disaster

Disaster: Perspectives

Natural Disasters
-Arise from forces of nature
-Two subcategories:

Sudden impact or acute onset

Slow or chronic onset

Sources: CDC & EK Noji, The Public Health

Consequences of Disaster

Disaster: Perspectives
Sudden Impact or Acute Onset
Disasters
Geological or climatic hazards

Hurricanes/typhoons
Tornadoes
Earthquakes Volcanoes
Floods
Tsunamis
Temperature extremes Wildfires
Landslides
Avalanches

Epidemics
Food, water, vector-borne diseases
Person-to-person transmission diseases
Sources: CDC & EK Noji, The Public Health Consequences of Disaster

Disaster: Perspectives
Slow or Chronic Onset
Disasters
Drought
Famine
Environmental degradation
Chronic exposure to toxic substances
Desertification
Deforestation
Pest infestation
Sources: CDC & EK Noji, The Public Health
Consequences of Disaster

Disaster: Perspectives

Disaster: Perspectives

Disaster: Perspectives

Disaster: Perspectives

Disaster: Perspectives

2002 DEEP Center

Classification
-Natural disasters
-Non-intentional human-generated
disasters
-Terrorist-perpetrated disasters
-Complex disasters
-Natural-technological disasters (NATECHS)

Disaster: Perspectives
Human-Generated Disasters
Industrial/technological
Transportation (vehicular)
Deforestation
Material shortages
Complex emergencies
Source: EK Noji, The Public Health Consequences of
Disaster

Disaster: Perspectives
Complex Emergencies
-Wars and civil strife
-Armed aggression
-Insurgency
-Other actions resulting in
displaced persons and
refugees
Source: EK Noji, The Public Health Consequences of
Disaster

Disaster: Perspectives

Terrorist-perpetrated Disasters
-Biological
-Nuclear
-Incendiary
-Chemical
-Explosive

The Disaster
Cycle

Disaster Cycle
Sudden impact natural disasters
can be considered as a continuous time
sequence
of five phases:

Inter-disaster
Pre-disaster
Impact
Emergency
Reconstruction

Source: EK Noji, Sivertson KT. Injury

prevention in natural disasters: a theoretical
framework. Disasters 1987;11:290-296.

Disaster Cycle
Interdisaster Phase
Planning disaster
prevention/preparedness/mitigatio
n
Identifying risks
Identifying vulnerabilities
Creating a resource inventory
Conducting professional training
Conducting community education
Synonym: Non-disaster Phase

Disaster Cycle
Predisaster Phase
Issuing timely warnings
Implementing protective actions
Undertaking emergency management
activities
Evacuating population as necessary
Synonym: Warning Phase

Disaster Cycle
Impact Phase
Destruction
Injuries
Deaths
may occur during impact

Disaster Cycle
Emergency Phase
Implementing life-saving actions
-search and rescue
-first aid
-emergency medical assistance
Restoring emergency communications
Restoring emergency transportation
Implementing public health
surveillance
Evacuating vulnerable areas
Synonyms: Relief Phase, Isolation Phase

Disaster Cycle
Emergency Phase
Note: The immediate post-impact
period is the isolation phase
where most urgent rescue tasks
are accomplished by the survivors
using local resources
Synonyms: Relief Phase, Isolation Phase

Disaster Cycle
Reconstruction Phase
Restoring pre-disaster conditions
Reestablishing health services
Reconstructing & repairing damaged
facilities
Reflecting and debriefing on lessons
learned
Synonym: Rehabilitation Phase

Disaster Severity

Disaster Severity
A Decade of Natural Disasters
1 million thunderstorms
100,000 floods
Tens of thousands of landslides,
earthquakes, wildfires & tornadoes
Several thousand hurricanes,
tropical cyclones, tsunamis &
volcanoes
Sources: CDC & EK Noji, The Public Health
Consequences of Disaster

Disaster Severity
A Decade of Natural Disasters
(1980s)
Floods
39,000 deaths
Tropical cyclones
14,000 deaths
Hurricanes
1,000 deaths
Earthquakes
54,000 deaths
Other disasters 1,012,000 deaths
TOTAL 1,120,000 deaths
Sources: CDC & EK Noji, The Public Health
Consequences of Disaster

Disaster Severity
Factors Contributing to Disaster
Severity
-Human vulnerability due to poverty
& social inequality
-Environmental degradation
-Rapid population growth especially
among the poor
Sources: CDC & EK Noji, The Public Health Consequences
of Disaster

Disaster Severity
Influence of Poverty
Persons in poverty:
-Live in poor housing unable to withstand
seismic activity
-Live in poor housing susceptible to landslides
-Inhabit coastal areas and flood plains
vulnerable
to hurricanes, storm surges,
flooding, and tidal waves
-Live near hazardous industrial sites
-Do not receive education on life-saving
actions during disasters
-Do not receive warning of impending
disasters
Sources: CDC & EK Noji, The Public Health Consequences of Disaster

Disaster Severity
Influence of Poverty
-Low-income countries:
3,000 deaths per disaster
-High-income countries:
500 deaths per disaster
Sources: CDC & EK Noji, The Public Health Consequences of
Disaster

Disaster Severity
Influence of Population Growth
- Urban dwellers:
1920: 100 million
1980: 1 billion
2000: 2 billion
- 2000: 20 cities with >10 million
people
Sources: CDC & EK Noji, The Public Health Consequences of
Disaster

Disaster Severity
Capabilities of Developed Nations
That Mitigate Disaster Effects
-Ability to forecast severe storms
-Ability to enforce strict building codes
-Ability to use communication networks
to broadcast alerts and warnings
-Ability to provide emergency medical
services
-Ability to engage in contingency
planning
Sources: CDC & EK Noji, The Public Health Consequences of Disaster

Disasters:
The Public Health
Impact

Disasters: The Public

Health Impact
Mortality & Morbidity
Disasters cause deaths, injuries,
and illnesses
Disasters may overwhelm medical
resources and health services
Sources: CDC & EK Noji, The Public Health
Consequences of Disaster

Disasters: The Public Health

Impact
Health Care Infrastructure
Disasters may destroy hospitals
Disasters may disrupt routine health
services
Disasters may disrupt preventive activities
Consequence: long-term increases in
morbidity and mortality
Sources: CDC & EK Noji, The Public Health
Consequences of Disaster

Disasters: The Public Health

Impact
Environment & Population
Disasters may increase potential for
communicable diseases
Disasters may exacerbate
environmental hazards
Consequences: increases in morbidity
and premature death, decreased
quality of life
Sources: CDC & EK Noji, The Public Health
Consequences of Disaster

Disasters: The Public Health

Impact
Psychological and Social Behavior

Disasters may cause generalized panic or

paralyzing trauma
Disasters may provoke increases in
anxiety, depression and neuroses
Disasters may lead to post-traumatic
stress disorder (PTSD) at epidemic levels
Sources: CDC & EK Noji, The Public Health
Consequences of Disaster

Disasters: The Public Health

Impact
Food Supply
Disasters may disrupt the food supply
Disasters leading to food shortages
may cause specific micronutrient
deficiencies
Disasters may provoke severe
nutritional consequences including
famine and starvation
Sources: CDC & EK Noji, The Public Health
Consequences of Disaster

Disasters: The Public Health

Impact
Population Displacement
Disasters may cause large spontaneous or
organized population movements
Population movement may increase morbidity and
mortality
Population movement may precipitate epidemics
of communicable diseases in both displaced and
host communities
Crowding of populations and overlay of refugee
and host populations may lead to injuries and
violence
Sources: CDC & EK Noji, The Public Health Consequences of
Disaster

Kondisi Indonesia
Geografis Indonesia rawan bencana
Bencana alam (Natural Disaster)
Karena ulah manusia (Man-Made Disaster)
Kedaruratan Kompleks (Complex Disaster)
Selalu akibatkan masalah kesehatan
ujung tombak

Peta Lempeng Bumi di

Indonesia
Kerawanan Gempa

Peta Tingkat Kerawanan

Bencana Tsunami di
Indonesia

Peta Rawan Gempa

Bumi
di Indonesia

Peta Daerah Gunung Api

di Indonesia

Gunung Berapi
129 gunung berapi aktif:
Jawa ( 21 gunung )
Sumatra ( 21 gunung api )
Bali ( 2 gunung api )
Nusa Tenggara ( 20 gunung api )
Laut banda ( 9 gunung api )
Sulawesi Utara ( 6 gunung api )
Kepulauan Sangihe ( 5 gunung api )
Halmahera ( 5 gunung api )

Peta Rawan Tanah Longsor

di Indonesia

Peta Rawan Banjir di

Indonesia

Peta Rawan Konflik di

Indonesia
NAD
NAD
(Separatisme)
(Separatisme)

Kalbar,
Kalbar,Kalteng
Kalteng
(Suku)
(Suku)

Maluku,
Maluku,Malut,
Malut,Poso
Poso
(Agama)
(Agama)
Papua
Papua
(Separatisme)
(Separatisme)

Jawa,
Jawa,Sulsel,
Sulsel,NTB
NTB
(kepentingan
(kepentinganpolitik,
politik,antar
antardaerah)
daerah)

Bencana & Korban Massal di

Indonesia 1980 2004 :
1. Gunung Galunggung,
1980
2. Food Poisening Jakarta Barat, 1981
3. Kebakaran Tanjung Priok,
1981
4. Gas Tanjung Priok, 1982
5. Gempa Jawa Barat,
1983
6. Fire Htl Jakarta,
1985
7. Bouraq Krawang, 1985
8. KLL Jalan Tol, 1985
9. Banjir RS Atmajaya,
1986
10.Evac RS Fatmawati Ledakan Mesiu), 1987
11.Kecelakaan Kereta Api Bintaro,
1987
12.Isolasi RS Koja (Huru-hara Tg Priok), 1987
13.Food Poisening Pabrik Jakarta, 1988

Bencana & Korban Massal di

Indonesia
1980
2004
14.Gempa
Flores, : 1991
15.Riot Jakarta, 1992
16.Banjir Jakarta,
1991&1992
17.Tsunami Lombok, 1993
18.Gempa Liwa, 1993
19.Gn Merapi Jogya, 1995
20.Gempa Kerinci,
1995
21.Riot PDI-P Jakarta, 1996
22.Gempa& Tsunami Biak
23.Gempa Sulawesi Selatan,
1997
24.Riot Etnik Pontianak,
1997
25.Gempa Bengkulu, 1997
26.Riot Etnik Sampit, 2001

Indonesia
1980 2004 :

27.Pengungsi di Madura, Poso, NTB, NTT, Papua,

Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, Maluku, Maluku
Utara, Sulawesi Utara,
2001
28.Kekeringan di Sampang,
2001
29.Gunung Papandayan,
2002
30.Kecelakaan Kereta Api Brebes,
2002
31.Tnh Longsor Jawa Timur,
2002
32.Banjir Sumatera Utara,
2002
33.Banjir Sumatera Utara,
2002
34.Banjir Pekalongan & Semarang, 2002
35.Riot Agama Ambon,
1999 - 2002
36.Riot Agama Palu,
1999 - 2002
37.Riot Papua,
1999 - 2002
38.Bom Teroris (32x) & Riot Jakarta, 1998 - 2002

Indonesia
1980 2004 :
39.Banjir 3 Minggu Jakarta
40.Nunukan Displaced Migrant Worker
41.Bom Teroris Bali
42.Bom Teroris Htl Marriott Jkt
43.Ledakan Pabrik Kimia Gresik
44.Gempa Karang Asem Bali
45.Gempa Nabire 2x
46.Gempa Aceh
47.Gempa Palu
48.Kelaparan NTT
49.Sampah Longsor Bandung
2005
50.Gempa Nias

2002
2002
2002
2003
2004
2004
2004
2004
2005
2005
2005

Bencana Alam &

Manusia

Bencana & Korban Massal di

Indonesia 1980 2004 :

Masyarakat panik
Terganggunya pelayanan umum bagi warga
Kerusakan sarana dan prasarana
Kegiatan sosial terganggu
Kegiatan sehari-hari lumpuh
Kerusakan kehidupan
Kegiatan ekonomi Lumpuh
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