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Learning Objectives
Passenger: fetus
enters the pelvic inlet first and leads through the birth
canal during labor
Cephalic
Breech
Shoulder
Biparietal diameter
Suboccipitobregmatic diameter
Passenger: fetus
Passageway: Birth
canal
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Powers
Primary powers: contractions
Valsalva maneuver
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Process of Labor
Lightening
Bloody show
Onset of labor
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Stages of labor
First stage
Latent phase
Active phase
Transition phase
Second stage
Third stage
Fourth stage
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Mechanism of labor
Turns and adjustments necessary in human
birth process
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Fetal adaptation
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Maternal adaptation
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Key Points
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Question
1. With regard to fetal positioning during labor,
nurses should be aware that:
a. Position is a measure of the degree of
descent of the presenting part of the fetus
through the birth canal.
b. Birth is imminent when the presenting part is
at +4 to +5 cm, below the spine.
c. The largest transverse diameter of the
presenting part is the suboccipitobregmatic
diameter.
d. Engagement is the term used to describe the
beginning of labor.
Copyright 2016 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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