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STRESS &
STRAIN
Deformation
Dilation: a change in volume
Distortion: a change in form
Translation: a change in place
Rotation: a change in orientation
BASIC CONCEPTS
FORCES & VECTORS
Force is any action which alters, or tends to alter
Newton II law of motion :
F=Ma
Unit force : kgm/s2 = newton (N) or dyne = gram cm/s2; N = 105 dynes
(a). Force: vector quantity with magnitude and direction
(b). Resolving by the parallelogram of forces
STRESS
Stress defined as force per unit area:
= F/A
A = area, Stress units = Psi, Newton (N),
Pascal (Pa) or bar (105 Pa)
Normal stress ( N)
Sh
ear
Str
ess
(
s)
(+) Compressive
(-) Tensile
Shear stress ( S)
(+)
(-)
Stress ( )
Stress at a point in 2D
Types of stress
No
rm
al S
tre
ss
(
n)
STRESS
The State of
3-Dimensional
Stress at Point
A. Stress elipsoid
x1
x3
Principal
coordinate planes
z
Principal Stress:
1
y
x2
x
B. Principal stress components
Arbitrary
coordinate planes
z
zz
zy
xy
xz
zx
yx
yz
yy
xx
x
x
C. General stress components
11 12 13
=
21 22 23
31 32 33
Principal Stress:
1
All stress axes are mutually
perpendicular
Shear stress are zero in the
direction of principal stress
Stress Tensor Notation
Stress Ellipsoid
11 12 13
=
21 22 23
31 32 33
12 = 21, 13 = 31, 23 = 32
ELIPSOID TEGASAN
1 > 2 = 3
1
3
3
1 = 2 > 3
2
1
1
3
1 > 2 > 3
2
3
2
SPECIAL
STATE OF STRESS
A. Physical Diagram
x
= +45
n
Planes of maximum
shear stress
Counterclockwise
shear stress
s max
' = +45
n
B. Mohr Diagram
Counter clockwise
Clockwise
shear stress
'
s max
Clockwise
Compressive Fractures
c = o + tan ( n)
c
= critical shear stress
o
= cohesive strength
tan = coefficient
of internal friction
n
= normal stress
Stress Equation:
1 + 3 - 1 3
N =
cos 2
2
2
1 3
Sin 2
s =
2
Brittle-ductile
transition
Yield stress
Coulumb
fracture
criterion
Parabolic
fracture
envelope
C
B
T0
A
f
3
STRESS
Body force works from distance and depends on the amount of materials
affected (i.e. gravitational force).
Surface force are classes as compressive or tensile according to the
distortion they produce.
Stress is defined as force per unit area.
Stress at the point can be divided as normal and shear component
depending they direction relative to the plane.
Structural geology assumed that force at point are isotropic and
homogenous
Stress vector around a point in 3-D as stress ellipsoid which have three
orthogonal principal directions of stress and three principal planes.
Principal stress 1> 2> 3
The inequant shape of the ellipsoid has to do with forces in rock and has
nothing directly to do with distortions.
Mohr diagram is a graphical representative of state of stress of rock
STRAIN
UNDEFORMED
DEFORMED
TYPES OF STRAIN
I
H
A. Homogeneous strain
B. Inhomogeneous strain
Deformed State
R = en
l o = 5 cm
Strain
R=1
r = Sn
L' = 3 cm
l f = 8 cm
L
L' = 4.8 cm
Undeformed State
Deformed State
Strain
Shear Strain ()
= tan
es tan
t
R
Strain Ellipsoid
S1
S3
S3
S1
S3
S2
S1
ELIPSOID TERAKAN
1 > 2 = 3
2
2
1
1
1 = 2 > 3
2
1
1
1 > 2 > 3
3
2
3
2
= gap
Strain-Stress Diagram
400
Yield Strength
After Strain
Hardening
C
300
Yield
Strength
A
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Rep ture
Strength
200
100
3
4
Strain (in %)
Stress Ellipsoid
Strain Ellipsoid
A. Mohr Diagram
x
n
n(p)
(p)
s(p)
sin
2
(p)
(p)
n , s
(p)
n
Plane P
2
2
cos
2