The Human

MasterWatermarkImage:http://williamcalvin.com/BrainForAllSeasons/img/bonoboLHhumanLHviaTWD.gif

Part I:

Lobes, the Cerebral Cortex, and Cortical

Regions of the Brain

Objectives:
Studentswillbeabletodescribethegeneralstructureofthe
CerebrumandCerebralCortex.
StudentswillbeabletoidentifytheCerebrum,theLobesof
theBrain,theCerebralCortex,anditsmajorregions/divisions.

Studentswillbeabletodescribetheprimaryfunctionsof
theLobesandtheCorticalRegionsoftheBrain.

CerebrumThelargestdivisionofthebrain.Itis
dividedintotwohemispheres,eachofwhichis
dividedintofourlobes.

Cerebrum

Cerebrum

Cerebellum

http://williamcalvin.com/BrainForAllSeasons/img/bonoboLHhumanLHviaTWD.gif

CerebralCortexTheoutermostlayerofgray
mattermakingupthesuperficialaspectofthe
cerebrum.

CerebralCortex

CerebralCortex

http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/16.tif.jpg

Cerebral Features:
Gyri Elevated ridges winding around the brain.
Sulci Small grooves dividing the gyri
Central Sulcus Divides the Frontal Lobe from the Parietal
Lobe

Fissures Deep grooves, generally dividing large

regions/lobes of the brain
Longitudinal Fissure Divides the two Cerebral Hemispheres
Transverse Fissure Separates the Cerebrum from the
Cerebellum
Sylvian/Lateral Fissure Divides the Temporal Lobe from the
Frontal and Parietal Lobes

Gyri(ridge)

Sulci
(groove)

Fissure
(deepgroove)

http://williamcalvin.com/BrainForAllSeasons/img/bonoboLHhumanLHviaTWD.gif

SpecificSulci/Fissures:
CentralSulcus
LongitudinalFissure

Sylvian/Lateral
Fissure
TransverseFissure

http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/18.tif.jpg

http://www.dalbsoutss.eq.edu.au/Sheepbrains_Me/human_brain.gif

LobesoftheBrain(4)

Frontal
Parietal
Occipital
Temporal

http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/18.tif.jpg

*Note:Occasionally,theInsulaisconsideredthefifthlobe.Itislocateddeep
totheTemporalLobe.

LobesoftheBrainFrontal
TheFrontalLobeofthebrainislocateddeeptothe
FrontalBoneoftheskull.
Itplaysanintegralroleinthefollowingfunctions/actions:
MemoryFormation
Emotions
DecisionMaking/Reasoning
Personality

(Investigation:PhineasGage)
Investigation(PhineasGage)
Modifiedfrom:http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/18.tif.jpg

FrontalLobeCorticalRegions
PrimaryMotorCortex(PrecentralGyrus)Corticalsite
involvedwithcontrollingmovementsofthebody.
BrocasAreaControlsfacialneurons,speech,andlanguage
comprehension.LocatedonLeftFrontalLobe.
BrocasAphasiaResultsintheabilitytocomprehendspeech,but
thedecreasedmotorability(orinability)tospeakandformwords.

OrbitofrontalCortexSiteofFrontalLobotomies
*DesiredEffects:
DiminishedRage
DecreasedAggression
PoorEmotional
Responses

*PossibleSideEffects:
Epilepsy
PoorEmotionalResponses
Perseveration(Uncontrolled,repetitive
actions,gestures,orwords)

OlfactoryBulbCranialNerveI,ResponsibleforsensationofSmell

Investigation(PhineasGage)

PrimaryMotor
Cortex/Precentral
Gyrus

BrocasArea
Orbitofrontal
Cortex
OlfactoryBulb
Regions
Modifiedfrom:http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/18.tif.jpg

LobesoftheBrainParietalLobe
TheParietalLobeofthebrainislocateddeeptothe
ParietalBoneoftheskull.
Itplaysamajorroleinthefollowingfunctions/actions:
Senses and integrates sensation(s)
- Spatial awareness and perception
(Proprioception - Awareness of
body/ body parts in space and
in relation to each other)

Modifiedfrom:http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/18.tif.jpg

ParietalLobeCorticalRegions
Primary Somatosensory Cortex (Postcentral
Gyrus) Site involved with processing of tactile
and proprioceptive information.
Somatosensory Association Cortex - Assists
with the integration and interpretation of
sensations relative to body position and orientation
in space. May assist with visuo-motor coordination.
Primary Gustatory Cortex Primary site
involved with the interpretation of the sensation of
Taste.

Primary
Somatosensory
Cortex/
PostcentralGyrus
Somatosensory
AssociationCortex
Primary
GustatoryCortex

Modifiedfrom:http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/18.tif.jpg

Regions

LobesoftheBrainOccipitalLobe
TheOccipitalLobeofthe
Brainislocateddeeptothe
OccipitalBoneoftheSkull.
Itsprimaryfunctionisthe

processing,integration,
interpretation,etc.ofVISIONand
visualstimuli.

Modifiedfrom:http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/18.tif.jpg

OccipitalLobeCorticalRegions
PrimaryVisualCortexThisistheprimary
areaofthebrainresponsibleforsight
recognitionofsize,color,light,motion,
dimensions,etc.
VisualAssociationAreaInterprets
informationacquiredthroughtheprimaryvisual
cortex.

PrimaryVisual
Cortex
Visual
AssociationArea

Modifiedfrom:http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/18.tif.jpg

Regions

LobesoftheBrainTemporalLobe
TheTemporalLobesarelocatedonthesidesofthe
brain,deeptotheTemporalBonesoftheskull.
Theyplayanintegralrole

inthefollowingfunctions:
Hearing

Organization/Comprehension
oflanguage

InformationRetrieval
(MemoryandMemoryFormation)

Modifiedfrom:http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/18.tif
.jpg

TemporalLobeCorticalRegions
PrimaryAuditoryCortexResponsibleforhearing
PrimaryOlfactoryCortexInterpretsthesenseof

smellonceitreachesthecortexviatheolfactory
bulbs.(Notvisibleonthesuperficialcortex)
WernickesAreaLanguagecomprehension.
LocatedontheLeftTemporalLobe.

WernickesAphasiaLanguagecomprehension
isinhibited.Wordsandsentencesarenotclearly
understood,andsentenceformationmaybeinhibitedor
nonsensical.

Primary
AuditoryCortex
WernikesArea
PrimaryOlfactory
Cortex(Deep)
ConductedfromOlfactoryBulb

Modifiedfrom:http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/18.tif.jpg

Regions

ArcuateFasciculusAwhitemattertractthatconnectsBrocasAreaand
WernickesAreathroughtheTemporal,ParietalandFrontalLobes.Allows
forcoordinated,comprehensiblespeech.Damagemayresultin:
- Conduction Aphasia - Where auditory comprehension and
speech articulation are preserved, but people find it difficult to
repeat heard speech.

Modifiedfrom:http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/18.tif.jpg

ClicktheRegiontoseeitsName

KorbinianBroadmannLearnaboutthemanwhodividedtheCerebralCortexinto52distinctregions:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korbinian_Brodmann

Modifiedfrom:http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/18.tif.jpg

B.

LobesandStructuresoftheBrain
A.
G.

F.

C.
E.

D.

http://williamcalvin.com/BrainForAllSeasons/img/bonoboLHhumanLHviaTWD.gif

LobesandStructuresoftheBrain
A.CentralSulcus
B.FrontalLobe
C.Sylvian/LateralFissure
D.TemporalLobe

A.(groove)

G.

B.
F.

E.TransverseFissure
F.OccipitalLobe
G.ParietalLobe

C.(groove)
D.

E.
(groove)

http://williamcalvin.com/BrainForAllSeasons/img/bonoboLHhumanLHviaTWD.gif

K.

A.
CorticalRegions

J.
I.

B.

H.
G.
C.

D.
E.

F.

http://williamcalvin.com/BrainForAllSeasons/img/bonoboLHhumanLHviaTWD.gif

A.PrimaryMotorCortex/PrecentralGyrus

B.BrocasArea
C.OrbitofrontalCortex

CorticalRegions

D.PrimaryOlfactoryCortex(Deep)
E.PrimaryAuditoryCortex
A.
F.WernikesArea

K.

I.

G.PrimaryVisualCortex
B.
H.Visual

H.

AssociationArea

G.

I.PrimaryGustatoryCortex
J.Somatosensory
AssociationCortex

J.

C.

K.PrimarySomatosensory
Cortex/PostcentralGyrus

D.

E.

F.

http://williamcalvin.com/BrainForAllSeasons/img/bonoboLHhumanLHviaTWD.gif

Copyright:GaryLarson

Q:Assumingthiscomicalsituationwasfactually
accurate,whatCorticalRegionofthebrainwould
thesedoctorsbestimulating?

A:PrimaryMotorCortex

*ThisgraphicrepresentationoftheregionsofthePrimaryMotorCortexand
PrimarySensoryCortexisoneexampleofaHOMUNCULUS:

Homunculus

*Note:Homunculusliterallymeanslittleperson,andmayrefertoonewhosebodyshapeis
governedbythecorticalareadevotedtothatbodyregion.

Q:Whatdoyounoticeabouttheproportions
depictedintheaforementionedhomunculus?
A:Theyarenotdepictedinthesamescalerepresentativeof
thehumanbody.

Q:Whatismeantbydepictingthesebodyparts
insuchoutrageousproportions?
A:Theseoutrageousproportionsdepictthecorticalarea
devotedtoeachstructure.
Ex:Yourhandsrequiremanyintricatemovementsand
sensationstofunctionproperly.Thisrequiresagreatdealof
corticalsurfaceareatocontrolthesedetailedactions.Your
backisquitetheopposite,requiringlimitedcorticalareato
carryoutitsactionsandfunctions,ordetectsensation.
BackHom.

FurtherInvestigation
PhineasGage:PhineasGagewasarailroadworkerinthe19thcenturylivingin

Cavendish,Vermont.Oneofhisjobswastosetoffexplosivechargesinlargerockin
ordertobreakthemintosmallerpieces.Ononeoftheseinstances,thedetonation
occurredpriortohisexpectations,resultingina42inchlong,1.2inchwide,metalrod
tobeblownrightupthroughhisskullandoutthetop.Therodenteredhisskullbelow
hisleftcheekboneandexitedafterpassingthroughtheanteriorfrontallobeofhis
brain.

Frontal

Remarkably,Gageneverlostconsciousness,orquicklyregainedit(thereisstillsome
debate),sufferedlittletonopain,andwasawakeandalertwhenhereachedadoctor
approximately45minuteslater.Hehadanormalpulseandnormalvision,and
followingashortperiodofrest,returnedtoworkseveraldayslater.However,hewas
notunaffectedbythisaccident.

http://www.sruweb.com/~walsh/gage5.jpg

LearnmoreaboutPhineasGage:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phineas_Gage
Frontal

Q:Recallingwhatyouhavejustlearnedregardingthefrontallobe,what
possibleproblemsorabnormalitiesmayGagehavepresentedwith
subsequenttothistypeofinjury(rememberthepreciselocationoftherod
throughhisbrain)?
A:Gagespersonality,reasoning,andcapacitytounderstandandfollowsocial
normshadbeendiminishedordestroyed.Heillustratedlittletonointerestin
hobbiesorotherinvolvementsthatatonetimehecaredforgreatly.Afterthe
accident,Gagebecameanasty,vulgar,irresponsiblevagrant.Hisformer
employer,whoregardedhimas"themostefficientandcapableforemanin
theiremployprevioustohisinjury,"refusedtorehirehimbecausehewasso
different.
Q:ItissuggestedthatGagesinjuryinspiredthedevelopmentofwhatatone
timewasawidelyusedmedicalprocedure.Whatmightthisprocedurebe,and
howdoesitrelatetoGagesinjury?
A:Thefrontallobotomy.Thishasbeenusedwiththeintentiontodiminish
aggressionandrageinmentalpatients,butgenerallyresultsindrastic
personalitychanges,andaninabilitytorelatesocially.Thisprocedureis
largelyfrownedupontoday,withthedevelopmentofneurologicaldrugsas
treatments.

Frontal

Resources
Images:

http://www.dalbsoutss.eq.edu.au/Sheepbrains_Me/human_brain.gif
http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/18.tif.jpg
http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/16.tif.jpg
http://williamcalvin.com/BrainForAllSeasons/img/bonoboLHhumanLHviaTWD.gif
http://www.math.tudresden.de/~belov/brain/motorcor2.gif
Larson,Gary.TheFarSide.

PhineasGage:

http://www.sruweb.com/~walsh/gage5.jpg
http://soma.npa.uiuc.edu/courses/bio303/Image7.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phineas_Gage
http://scienceeducation.nih.gov/nihHTML/ose/snapshots/multimedia/ritn
/Gage/Broken_brain1.html

SuggestedSupplementaryMaterials:
1.

SkeletonOutlinefornotetaking.

2.

MultipleDiagramsoftheHumanBrain.
*Studentswilllabelfeatures/lobes
*Studentswillcolorcodecorticalregions

3.Worksheets(matching,shortanswer,etc.),centeredaroundthefunctionsofthe
lobesandregionsofthecerebrum.
4.AmoreindeptharticleonPhineasGage.Readanddiscussasaclasstime
permitting.

SuggestedAssessments:
1.

Class/individualquestioningthroughout(especiallyattheconclusionof)the
presentation.

2.

Homeworkworksheetsdiscussedorcollectedinclass.

3.

Studentswilltakeatestonthenervoussysteminwhichtheywillberesponsible
forthestructures,lobes,regions,functions,etc.

MassachusettsStateBiologyStandards
BroadConcept:Thereisarelationshipbetweenstructureand
functioninorgansystemsofhumans.
4.1 Explainhowmajororgansystemsinhumans(e.g.,
kidney,muscle,lung)havefunctionalunits(e.g.,nephron,
sarcome,alveoli)withspecificanatomythatperformthe
functionofthatorgansystem.
4.2 Describehowthefunctionofindividualsystemswithin
humansareintegratedtomaintainahomeostaticbalancein
thebody.
*Note:ThisPowerPointhasbeendevelopedforJuniorsand
SeniorsenrolledinAnatomyandPhysiologyCourses.Thus,the
detailoftheconceptsandinformationcontainedhereinisfar
greaterthanrequiredbythestateBiologystandardslistedabove.

NationalStandards:
THE BEHAVIOR OF ORGANISMS:
Multicellular animals have nervous systems that generate behavior. Nervous
systems are formed from specialized cells that conduct signals rapidly through
the long cell extensions that make up nerves. The nerve cells communicate
with each other by secreting specific excitatory and inhibitory molecules. In
sense organs, specialized cells detect light, sound, and specific chemicals and
enable animals to monitor what is going on in the world around them.
Organisms have behavioral responses to internal changes and to external
stimuli. Responses to external stimuli can result from interactions with the
organism's own species and others, as well as environmental changes; these
responses either can be innate or learned. The broad patterns of behavior
exhibited by animals have evolved to ensure reproductive success. Animals
often live in unpredictable environments, and so their behavior must be flexible
enough to deal with uncertainty and change. Plants also respond to stimuli.
Like other aspects of an organism's biology, behaviors have evolved through
natural selection. Behaviors often have an adaptive logic when viewed in terms
of evolutionary principles.
Behavioral biology has implications for humans, as it provides links to
psychology, sociology, and anthropology.