DATA ACQUISITION

ctrode Arrays and Geometric factors

Field Data

Basic Principles

he relationship between the electrical resistivity, current and the electric potentia
overned by Ohm's law

calculate the potential in a continuous medium, the form of Ohms law combine
with conservation of current as given by Poisson's equation is normally used

= Resistivity

= Potential

jc = Current Density

he current and voltage measurements are then converted into an apparent resist
K= Geometric Factor

What is an inverse problem?

Forward Problem Gm = d

Data d

Model m
Inverse Problem

m= G-1 d

Arrangement of model
blocks

orithms used for inversion of 2D data

Least Squares
Weighted least-squares
Singular value decomposition (SVD)
Damped least-squares (Marquadt-Levenberg) method
Smoothness constrained (Occam) inversion
Inversion with a priori information
The simulated annealing technique
Gauss-Newton & Quasi- Newton methods

ast Squares / Gauss-Newton method

It was quite sensitive into the choice of the initial parameter vector
If initial property choice is too far its leading to divergence
Sometimes assumption is linear
Weighted least-squares
Does not improve the inverse problem considerably
Take the observation errors and constraints

gular Value Decomposition (SVD)

Ill-condition of the problem due to linear combinations of unknown
parameters
Presence of data noise contaminate the entire solution
Identify these combinations and ignore them
SVD regulates the inverse problem into decompose

ped least-squares (Marquadt-Levenberg) method

ntroduce constraints into the optimization instead rejecting small values

is more used due to its stability and fast convergence

he main disadvantages are

. Final results strongly dependent on initial model choice

. Produce unnecessarily complex solutions

ersion results using Marquadt algorithm

oothness constrained (Occam) inversion

Introduced smoothness constraint
It stabilize poorly conditioned problems
Produce a simplified model with exact representation of subsurface
Its guarantees stability
Produce the model based on user but not by initial guess

version Results using Occam scheme

e Simulated Annealing technique

SA is a stochastic non-linear optimization technique

Also known as Monte-Carlo methods

Based on ides of statistical mechanics, thermodynamics and probability

ts progress is not determined by conditioning of the controlling matrices

t is slower than the techniques involving matrix inversion

Inversion Result
using SA

arison of Gauss-newton and quasi-newton methods

For small resistivity contrasts there is
no significant difference between two
For large resistivity contrast Gaussnewton gives accurate results
Combined inversion is faster and gives
satisfactory results

Conclusion
It is believed that currently the smoothness constrained inversion is
the most preferable technique for practical data interpretation. It
comprises numerous advantages:
a) it is physically reasonable
b) it is robust
c) it can cope well with noise and does not produce artifacts
d) it produces solutions which have properties that the interpreter has
chosen and are
not a product of an arbitrary initial choice
For these reasons the smoothness constrained inversion will choose as
the platform for developing a 2-D inversion algorithm