Molality and Mole Fraction

In Chapter 3 we introduced two

important concentration units.
1. % by mass of solute

mass of solute
% w/w =
100%
mass of solution
2.

Molarity

moles of solute
M =
Liters of solution

Molality and Mole Fraction

Molality is a concentration unit
based on the number of moles of
solute per kilogram of solvent.

moles of solute
m
kg of solvent
in dilute aqueous solutions molarity and
molality are nearly equal

Molality and Mole Fraction

Calculate the molarity and the molality of an aqueous solution

that is 10.0% glucose, C6H12O6. The density of the solution is
1.04 g/mL. 10.0% glucose solution has several medical uses. 1
mol C6H12O6 = 180 g

Molality and Mole Fraction

Calculate the molality of a solution that contains 7.25 g of benzoic acid

C6H5COOH, in 2.00 x 102 mL of benzene, C6H6. The density of benzene is
0.879 g/mL. 1 mol C6H5COOH = 122 g

Molality and Mole Fraction

Mole fraction is the number of moles of one component
divided by the moles of all the components of the solution
Mole fraction is literally a fraction using moles of one
component as the numerator and moles of all the
components as the denominator.
In a two component solution, the mole fraction of one
component, A, has the symbol XA.

XA

number of moles of A
number of moles of A + number of moles of B

Molality and Mole Fraction

The mole fraction of component B - XB
number of moles of B
XB
number of moles of A + number of moles of B
Note that X A X B 1
The sum of all the mole fractions must equal 1.00.

Molality and Mole Fraction

What are the mole fractions of glucose and water in a
10.0% glucose solution?

Colligative Properties of
Solutions
Colligative properties
are properties of solutions that

depend solely on the number of particles dissolved in

the solution.
Colligative properties do not depend on the kinds of
particles dissolved.
Colligative properties are a physical property of
solutions.
There are four common types of colligative properties:
1. Vapor pressure lowering
2. Freezing point depression
3. Boiling point elevation
4. Osmotic pressure
Vapor pressure lowering is the key to all four of the colligative
properties.

Lowering of Vapor Pressure and

Raoults Law
Addition of a nonvolatile solute to a
solution lowers the vapor pressure of the
solution.
The effect is simply due to fewer solvent
molecules at the solutions surface.
The solute molecules occupy some of the
spaces that would normally be occupied by
solvent.

Raoults Law models this effect in ideal

solutions.

Lowering of Vapor Pressure

and Raoults Law
This graph shows how the solutions
vapor pressure is changed by the mole
fraction of the solute, which is Raoults
law.

Fractional Distillation

Distillation is a technique used to

separate solutions that have two
or more volatile components with
differing boiling points.
A simple distillation has a single
distilling column.
Simple distillations give reasonable
separations.

A fractional distillation gives

increased separations because of
the increased surface area.
Commonly, glass beads or steel wool
are inserted into the distilling column.

Boiling Point Elevation

Addition of a nonvolatile solute to a solution raises

the boiling point of the solution above that of the
pure solvent.
This effect is because the solutions vapor
pressure is lowered as described by Raoults law.
The solutions temperature must be raised to
make the solutions vapor pressure equal to the
atmospheric pressure.
The amount that the temperature is elevated is
determined by the number of moles of solute
dissolved in the solution.

Boiling Point Elevation

Boiling point elevation relationship
is: Tb K b m
where : Tb boiling point elevation
m molal concentration of solution
K b molal boiling point elevation constant
for the solvent

Freezing Point Depression

Relationship

for freezing point depression

Tf K f m
where: Tf freezing point depression of solvent
m molal concentration of soltuion
K f freezing point depression constant for solvent

is:

Freezing Point Depression

Notice the similarity of the two
relationships for freezing point
depression and boiling point elevation.

Tf K f m vs.Tb K b m
Fundamentally, freezing point depression and boiling
point elevation are the same phenomenon.
The only differences are the size of the effect which is
reflected in the sizes of the constants, K f & Kb.

This is easily seen on a phase diagram for a solution.

Freezing Point Depression

Boiling Point Elevation

What is the normal boiling point of a 2.50 m glucose,

C6H12O6, solution?

Freezing Point Depression

Calculate the freezing point of a solution that contains 8.50 g
of benzoic acid (C6H5COOH, MW = 122) in 75.0 g of
benzene, C6H6.

Determination of Molecular Weight by

Freezing Point Depression

The size of the freezing point depression

depends on two things:
1. The size of the Kf for a given solvent, which are
well known.
2. And the molal concentration of the solution which
depends on the number of moles of solute and the
kg of solvent.

If Kf and kg of solvent are known, as is often

the case in an experiment, then we can
determine # of moles of solute and use it to
determine the molecular weight.

Determination of Molecular Weight

by Freezing Point Depression
A 37.0 g sample of a new covalent compound, a
nonelectrolyte, was dissolved in 2.00 x 102 g of water. The
resulting solution froze at -5.58oC. What is the molecular
weight of the compound?

Colligative Properties and

Dissociation of Electrolytes
Electrolytes have larger effects on boiling point elevation and
freezing point depression than nonelectrolytes.
This is because the number of particles released in solution
is greater for electrolytes
One mole of sugar dissolves in water to produce one mole of
aqueous sugar molecules.
One mole of NaCl dissolves in water to produce two moles
of aqueous ions:
1 mole of Na+ and 1 mole of Cl- ions

Osmotic Pressure

Osmosis is the net flow of a solvent between

two solutions separated by a semipermeable
membrane.
The solvent passes from the lower concentration
solution into the higher concentration solution.

Examples of semipermeable membranes

include:
1. cellophane and saran wrap
2. skin
3. cell membranes

Osmotic
Pressure
Osmosis is a rate controlled phenomenon.

The solvent is passing from the dilute solution into the

concentrated solution at a faster rate than in opposite
direction, i.e. establishing an equilibrium.
The osmotic pressure is the pressure exerted by a column of
the solvent in an osmosis experiment.
MRT
where: = osmotic pressure in atm
M = molar concentration of solution
L atm
R = 0.0821
mol K
T = absolute temperature

Osmotic Pressure
For very dilute aqueous solutions,
molarity and molality are nearly
equal.

mRT
for dilute aqueous solutions only

Mm

Osmotic
Pressure
Osmotic pressures can be very large.
For example, a 1 M sugar solution has an osmotic pressure
of 22.4 atm or 330 p.s.i.

Since this is a large effect, the osmotic pressure

measurements can be used to determine the molar
masses of very large molecules such as:
1. Polymers
2. Biomolecules like

proteins
ribonucleotides

Osmotic Pressure
A 1.00 g sample of a biological material was dissolved
in enough water to give 1.00 x 102 mL of solution. The
osmotic pressure of the solution was 2.80 torr at 25oC.
Calculate the molarity and approximate molecular
weight of the material.