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TRANSFER
CHAPTER 7
External flow
Heat Transfer
#1
Su Yongkang
School of Mechanical
Heat Transfer
#2
Su Yongkang
School of Mechanical
hL
kf
Heat Transfer
#3
Su Yongkang
School of Mechanical
External flow:
Boundary layer develops freely, without
constraints
Internal flow:
Boundary layer is constrained and eventually
merges
Heat Transfer
#4
Su Yongkang
School of Mechanical
Ts T
qs k f
fluid thermal
conductivity
y 0
Heat Transfer
T
y
wall
temperature
gradient
so
and
T
y
qs
y 0
Also
#5
Su Yongkang
School of Mechanical
Solve for T*
Use evaluate the local Nusselt number, Nux
Compute local convection coefficient, hx
Use these (integrate) to determine the
average convection coefficient over the
entire surface
Heat Transfer
#6
Su Yongkang
School of Mechanical
wing length, L
Pr viscosity,
Nusselt number, Nu
Prandtl number,
Nu C Re mL Pr n
Heat Transfer
#7
Su Yongkang
School of Mechanical
T , U
L
insulation
Heat Transfer
#8
Su Yongkang
School of Mechanical
Assume:
Steady, incompressible, laminar flow
Constant fluid properties
For flat plate,
y
T , U
Ts
Heat Transfer
u v
0
x y
u
u
2u
u
v
2
x
y
y
T
T
2T
u
v
2
x
y
y
#9
Su Yongkang
School of Mechanical
and
f ( )
x / u
y u / x
d3 f
d2 f
2 3f
0
2
d
d
df
f (0) 0
d 0
Heat Transfer
df
1
d
and
# 10
Su Yongkang
School of Mechanical
Re x
x
Conclusions from the Blasius solution:
1
x and
and
u
f
0
2
2
For Pr 0.6
T *
0.332 Pr
as:
hx k
x 0
Then the Local Nusselt number is:
Eq.
7.21
Heat Transfer
Nu x
hx x
0.332 Re1x/ 2 Pr1/ 3
k
For 0.6 Pr 50
# 11
Su Yongkang
School of Mechanical
Nu x
h
dx
x
k
k x 0
Eq.
7.25
th
Pr > 1000
Pr < 0.1
Heat Transfer
th
# 12
Su Yongkang
School of Mechanical
s , x 0.332u
u
x
C f ,x
s,x
2
0.664 Re x1/ 2
u / 2
C f ,x
s,x
2
u / 2
s,x
1 x
s , x dx
x 0
C f , x 1.328 Re x 1/ 2
Heat Transfer
# 13
Su Yongkang
School of Mechanical
C f , x 0.0592 Re x1/ 5
Re x 107
0.37 x Re -1x 5
Nu x StRe x Pr 0.0296 Re 4x 5 Pr1 3
Important point:
Typically a
turbulent boundary
layer is preceded by
a laminar boundary
layer first upstream
need to
consider case with
mixed boundary
layer conditions!
L
1 xc
hx hlam dx hturb dx
L 0
xc
Heat Transfer
# 14
Su Yongkang
School of Mechanical
0.6 Pr 60
Integrating
Re
Re
5 105 Re L 108
x,c
x,c
5 105
Heat Transfer
5 105
# 15
Su Yongkang
School of Mechanical
Pr 0.6
Nu x 0.0308 Re 4x 5 Pr1 3
0.6 Pr 60
qs
Ts ( x) T
hx
Heat Transfer
# 16
Su Yongkang
School of Mechanical
Heat Transfer
# 17
Su Yongkang
School of Mechanical
Heat Transfer
Given:
Automobile crankcase with approximate
dimensions of 0.6 m long, 0.2 m wide and
0.1 m deep.
Surface temperature of 350 K
Ambient temperature of 300 K
Vehicle velocity of 30 m/s
Find:
Heat loss from bottom surface exposed to
air stream
# 18
Su Yongkang
School of Mechanical
m3
m2
W
Pr
k
mK
2. Calculate Reynolds #
Heat Transfer
# 19
Su Yongkang
School of Mechanical
Heat Transfer
Analysis procedure
# 20
Su Yongkang
School of Mechanical
Given:
Cooling air drawn over electronic devices
mounted on board.
T = 27 C
Q = 40 mW each device
V = 10 m/s
turbulator
15 mm
CL
Assumptions?
Solution Method?
Heat Transfer
# 21
Su Yongkang
School of Mechanical
Heat Transfer
# 22
Su Yongkang
School of Mechanical
Heat Transfer
# 23
Su Yongkang
School of Mechanical
Heat Transfer
hL
C Re mL Pr n
kf
# 24
Su Yongkang
School of Mechanical
Heat Transfer
# 25
Su Yongkang
School of Mechanical