TOPIC C: GEOGRAFI PENERBANGAN

WORLD CONTINENTS
Continent:
“A major land mass surrounded by water”
-There are 7 continents of the world for purposes of travel

 America, North (9,390 sqm)

6
 America, South (6,795 sqm)
 Asia ( 15,776 sqm) 1  Europe (3,616 sqm)

E
 Australia(2,968 sqm)

A  Africa (11,506 sqm)

 Antarctica(5,500 sqm)
OCEANS:
-70% of the earth’s surface is comprised of large and
small bodies of water including seas, gulfs, bays,
lakes and river.

- The largest bodies of water to our planet are 4

oceans:
i. Pacific Ocean 64,186,300 sqm
ii. Atlantic Ocean 33,420,000 sqm
iii Indian Ocean 28,350,500 sqm
iv Arctic Ocean 3,662,200 sqm
 GEOGRAFI PENERBANGAN

 Promote a standard & unified system of

II worldwide air travel by establishing routes &
setting safety & service standard
 develops rules & standard for international
A
A airline faring ticketing.
 to appoint and regulate travel agencies to sell

TT international within ticket

A
A
 IATA GEOGRAPHY

“International faring & ticketing

purposes”
The purpose:

 plan an itinerary between cities

 provide most accurate & knowledgeable far

information
 IATA AREA . . .

- divided the world into three areas.

- each area is called an IATA
@ Traffic Conference Area (TC) which is as follows:

TC 1 (Area 1) – North, Central & South America

TC 2 (Area 2) – Europe, Middle East, Africa
TC 3 (Area 3) – Far East, Australia, New Zealand
& Pacific Islands
IATA AREA . . .

The Three IATA Areas of the World

Exercise
Identify each city below with its IATA Area location (1,2
or 3)
1. Chicago, Illinois
2. Johannesburg, South Africa
3. Kiev, Ukraine
4. Buenos Aires, Argentina
5. Delhi, India
6. Stockholm, Sweden
7. London, England
8. Toronto, Canada
9. Kabul, Afghanistan
10. Osaka, Japan
11. Tehran, Iran
12. Nairobi, Kenya
13. Manila, Philippines
 AIRLINE & RESERVATION CODES

Direction of Travel:
- to construct fares and apply fare rules.
- the fares differ depending on the direction of travel
- all directions have two-letter GLOBAL INDICATOR
codes

GLOBAL INDICATOR @ G I
 GLOBAL INDICATOR @ G I

- via the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.

AP
- eg: London – New York – Seoul
1
AT - via the Atlantic ocean
2
- eg: New York – Paris
EH - within the Eastern Hemisphere (area 2 and 3 only)
- eg: France - Delhi
3
PA - via the North, Central, or South Pacific Ocean.
- eg: Seattle-Hong Kong
4
- via the North Polar Route.
PO
- eg: Oslo - Anchorage 5
SA - via the South Atlantic ocean only
- eg: Johannesburg – Buenos Aires 6
TS - via the Trans Siberia route (nonstop flight only)
- eg: Copenhagen – Tokyo
7
WH - within the Western Hemisphere (Area 1 only).
- eg: Guetamala City – Caracas
8
Kod nama khas bagi singkatan abjad
A ALPHA E ECO

B BRAVO F FRANKFURT

C CHARLIE G GOLF

D DELTA H HOTEL
Kod nama khas bagi singkatan abjad

I INDIA M MIKE

J JULIET N NORWAY

K KILO O OSAKA

L LONDON P PAPA
Kod nama khas bagi singkatan abjad

Q QUEBACK U UNITED

R ROMEO V VICTOR

S SIERRA W WASHINGTON

T TANGO X X-RAY
Kod nama khas bagi singkatan abjad

Y YANKEE

Z ZULU
Exercise:
1. WILLIAM SPENCER
1.
2. ADAM DANIAL
3. NURHAYATIEE AHMAD
4. UKRAINE
5. CANCUN, MEXICO
6. CALGARY, CANADA
 AIRLINE & RESERVATION CODES

Airline code:
- two-character that identify each airline carrier.
- these codes are used in flight schedules:
1. printed schedules
2. Airline computer reservation systems

BIL KOD SYARIKAT KETERANGAN

PENERBANGAN
1 TG THAI AIRWAYS INTERNATIONAL

2 VN VIETNAM AIRLINES

3 SQ SINGAPORE AIRLINES

4 RA ROYAL NEPAL AIRLINES CORPORATION

5 AI AIR INDIA
A flagship carrier:

- is owned privately or by the government of a particular

country.
- ‘flagships’ means the government has given right to the
airline to represent the country’s flag all over the world.
 AIRLINE & RESERVATION CODES

City code:

-Identifies a city and its surroundings by three-character

- eg: LON (identify the city of London, England and its
surroundings.
 
KAWASAN ASIA (IATA 3)

NEGARA BANDARAYA KOD LAPANGAN TERBANG KOD

CHINA BEIJING BJS CAPITAL AIRPORT PEK

JAPAN TOKYO TYO NARITA NRT

MALAYSIA KUALA LUMPUR KUL KULA LUMPUR KUL

TAIWAN TAIPEI TPE TAIPEI TPE

PAKISTAN KARACHI KHI KARACHI KHI

 Common Abbreviations

The following official abbreviations are used to designated the

day, week and month of the year

The day of the week are abbreviated as follows:

Monday MON Friday FRI

Tuesday TUE Saturday SAT
Wednesday WED Sunday SUN
Thursday THU
Month of the year are abbreviated as below
January JAN May MAY September SEP
February FEB June JUN October OCT
March MAR July JUL November NOV
April APR August AUG December DEC

The abbreviations should be used whenever a message or

documents mentions for eg
10SEP (not 10.9)

Dates should always be shown in 2 digits:

02OCT (not 2 OCT)
 LATITUDE

LATITUD:
-garis lintang mengelilingi bumi selari dengan Garisan
Khatulistiwa (EQUATOR).
- Garisan Khatulistiwa adalah pada 0
- Garisan Khatulistiwa membahagi bumi kepada dua
bahagian, iaitu hemisfera utara dan hemisfera selatan &
Kutub Utara dan Kutub Selatan
 LONGITUDE

LONGITUD:
-garis menegak yang mengelilingi bumi dilukis dari kutub
utara ke kutub selatan.
- Longitud utama ialah Meridian Pangkal. Longitud ini
dilukis di atas peta, melalui bandar Greenwich yang
terletak berhampiran dengan bandar London di England.
- Meridian Pangkal atau Meridian Greenwich terletak
pada 0 .
- Masa 0 pada Meridian Pangkal dikenali sebagai
Greewich Mean Time (GMT)
- Membahagikan bumi kepada Hemisfera Timur dan
Hemisfera Barat.
 TIME ZONES

ZON MASA:
- garisan longitud menentukan jarak barat & timur daripada garisan
meridian utama
-24 jam sehari = 360
-15 = 1 jam (360 / 24 jam)
-ada 24 zon masa
- setiap 1 zon masa = 15 longitud atau seluas 15
- ada 24 zon masa yang bernilai (+) dan (-):
12 (+) = GMT TIMUR (East of GMT)
12 (-) = GMT BARAT (West of GMT)
Exercise
1 Convert the following am/pm times into 24 hour
clock times:
a) 1:30 pm ___________
b) 8:20 pm ___________
c) 11:45pm ___________
d) 12:10am ___________
3) 12:40pm___________
2. Convert the following 24 hour clock time into
am/pm times:

a) 0815 _________________
b) 0050_________________
c) 1205_________________
d) 1535_________________
e) 0105_________________
 EAST of GMT

-Places on earth are located east of GMT

-Which their number of time zones ahead of GMT
- Semakin ke timur semakin bertambah zon masa

Zon +1 +2 +3 +4 +5
masa
longitud 15 30 45 60 75

+6 +7 +8 +9 +10 +11 12

90 105 120 135 150 165 180

 EAST of GMT

Eg1:
Berlin, Germany is located in the first time zone east of
GMT or at +1. Berlin is one hour ahead of GMT. If it is
noon time GMT, it is _______ in Berlin.

Eg2:
Nairobi, Kenya, is located three time zones east of GMT
or at +3. If it is 8:00 a.m GMT, what time is it in
Nairobi?
Ans: _____________
 EAST of GMT

Eg3:
Sydney,Australia is located eleven time zone east of
GMT or at +11. Sydney is ____ hour ahead of GMT.
If it is 1 pm in GMT, what time is it in Sydney.

Eg4:
Hong Kong is located eight time zones east of GMT or
at +8. If it is 8:00 a.m GMT, what time is it in Hong
Kong?
 WEST of GMT

-Places on earth are located west of GMT

-Which their number of time zones behind of GMT
- Semakin ke barat semakin berkurang zon masa

Zon -1 -2 -3 -4 -5
masa
Longitud 195 210 225 240 255

-6 -7 -8 -9 -10 -11 -12

270 285 300 315 330 345 360

 WEST of GMT

Eg1:
New York is located five time zones to the west of GMT
or at –5. If the time at GMT is 3:00 p.m, it is five hours
earlier in New York, ______

Eg2:
Los Angeles is located eight time zones to the west of
GMT or at –8. If the time at GMT is 6:30 p.m, what time
is it in Los Angeles?
Ans: ___________(eight hours earlier)
 WEST of GMT

Eg3:
Chicago is located six time zones to the west of GMT or at
–6. If the time at GMT is 2:00 p.m, what time is it in
Chicago.
Ans : __________
Eg2:
Boston is located five time zones to the west of GMT or at
–5. If the time at GMT is 8 am, what time is it in Boston?
Ans: ___________
 EXERCISE

The date is 5th February:

if the time is: what time is it in: Answer
(time & date)
a) 1300 in Caracas New York ………………
(-4) (-4)

b) 900 pm in London Buenos Aires ……………….

(+1) (-3)

c) 8:00 am in Amsterdam Singapore ……………………

(+2) (+8)
 DETERMINING TIME DIFFERENCES

- perbezaan masa antara dua tempat boleh dikira sekiranya kita

mengetahui lokasi setiap tempat berhubung dengan GMT

-ianya boleh dirujuk dengan penggunaan time line. Angka

0 mewakili GMT.
 HOW TO DETERMINING TIME DIFFERENCES

1. What is the time difference New York and San Diego?

New York ( -5) (five hours behind GMT)
San Diego (-8) ( eight hours behind GMT)
* There are 3 time zone that separate them
* Three hours’ difference in time
Is New York ahead or behind San Diego?
If it is 2.00 pm in New York, what time is in San
Diego?
 HOW TO DETERMINING TIME DIFFERENCES

2. What is the time difference Athens and Bangkok?

Athens (+2) (two hours ahead of GMT)
Bangkok (+7) ( seven hours ahead of GMT)
* There are 5 time zone that separate them
* 5 three hours’ difference in time
Is Athens ahead or behind Bangkok?
If it is 3.00 pm in Athens, what time is in Bangkok?
 HOW TO DETERMINING TIME DIFFERENCES

3 What is the time difference New York and Bangkok?

New York (-5) (five hours behind of GMT)
Bangkok (+7) ( seven hours ahead of GMT)
* There are 12 time zone that separate them
* 12 three hours’ difference in time
Is New York ahead or behind Bangkok?
If it is 7.00 am in New York, what time is in Bangkok?
PENGIRAAN WAKTU
PENERBANGAN
Elapsed Flying Time
(CALCULATION OF FLIGHT TIME)
In airlines time-tables, departure and
arrival times are always expressed in local
time. Time differences must always be
taken into account when calculating the
duration of a flight for a given journey
Example: Flight AF 033 leaves Paris (+1) at
1230 on Thursday, 12th December and arrives in
Montreal (-5) at 1355 on the same day. What is
the actual flying time?
1st Step
Ascertain the local time applicable at departure
and arrival cities.
PAR=GMT+1
YUL=GMT-5
2nd Step

Convert arrival and departure times to GMT:

PAR 1230 TUE at GMT + 1 = 1130 GMT Tuesday
YUL 1355 TUE at GMT - 5 = 1855 GMT Tuesday

3rd Step

Calculate the difference between the departure

and arrival times. The result will give the flight
time that is 7 hours 25 minutes
Example 2: What is the duration of journey for a
passenger leaving Lusaka (Zambia) at 0910 on
Friday, 6th January, and arriving in Hong Kong on
Saturday, 7th January, at 1450?
1st Step
Ascertain the local time applicable at departure
and arrival cities.
LUS=GMT+2
HKG=GMT+8
2nd Step

Convert arrival and departure times to GMT:

LUS 0910 FRI at GMT +2 = 1110 GMT Friday
HKG 1450 SAT at GMT +8 = 2250 GMT Saturday

3rd Step

Calculate the difference between the departure and

arrival times. The result will give the flight time that is
?????????????
Contoh
A flight departs New York(-5) at 6:00pm (local
time). It arrives in Munich(+1) at 7:30 am in the
next morning (local time)

Step 1 : Find out the relationship of both the

departure and arrival cities to the GMT zone
New York (-5)
Munich (+1)
Step 2 : Change each local time to what it
would be in GMT:

6.00 pm (New York time at –5)=11.00 pm GMT

7.30 am (Munich time at +1) =6.30am GMT
Step 3 : Count the number of hours and
minutes using the converted GMT times

From 11 pm to 6.30 am = 7 hours and 30

minutes elapsed flying time
Calculate the duration of the following journeys
a) From: Madrid, Spain (+2) Departure 0130/10JUL
To : Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (-3) Arrival 0700/10JUL

b) From: Sydney, Australia (+2) Departure 0500/10JAN

To : Los Angeles, Brazil (-3) Arrival 1120/10JAN
Latihan:
1. Checkpoint 1.7 (page 20 and 21)
2. Chapter Review Questions No. 6, 7
and 8 (page 22)