Chapter Two:

The Physiological
Bases
Of
Behavior

Look at the chart and say the color not

the word.
YELLOW
RED

BLUE

BLUE

BLACK

GREEN PURPLE

ORANGE

BLUE

ORANGE

GREEN BLACK
RED

PURPLE

ORANGE GREEN

I.The Nervous System

The nervoussystem is

essentially a biological
information highway, and is
responsible for controlling all
the biological processes and
movement in the body, and can
also receive information and
interpret it via electrical signals.

Neurons
The Basic Unit of the Nervous System
Neuron is an electrically specialized cell that

processes and transmits information by electrical

and chemical signaling. The basic conducting unit
of nervous system.
Three Types of Neurons
Afferent or Sensory Neurons- run from sense

organs to central nervous system.

Efferent or Motor Neurons- run from the central
nervous system to the muscles.
Interneurons or multipolar- Found within the brain
and are multiply connected to other neurons.

Structure of a Typical
Neurons

Basic Part of a Neuron

Neurons- Responsible

for protein synthesis or

manufacturing chemical
substances for neuron
nourishment.
Dendrites- All of the
fibrous extensions of the
cell body except the
axon. They give the
Neuron its characteristic
shape.
Cell Body (Soma)- The
part of the neuron
containing the nucleus,
cell membrane and
contributing organelles
( endoplasmic reticular,

Axon- Conducts information

from the neuron cell body to

the synaptic terminals to
trigger synaptic transmission.
Axons also transport chemical
substances from the cell body
to the synaptic terminals.
Myelin- A fatty sheath of
insulation that covers larger
axons. Not all neurons have
myelin.
Synapse- Points of functional
contact between axon
terminals and other cells.
Chemical Synapse
Electrical Synapse

Transmission Between
Neurons
Synaptic

vesicles- sacs that

release chemicals
into synaptic
space.
Neurotransmitter
s- chemicals
released by
synaptic vesicles.
Receptors siteslocation on
receptor neuron for
specific

The Nervous System

Organization
The Nervous System
Central Nervous System

Peripheral Nervous System

Brain
Spinal Cord Autonomic Division
Somatic
Division
Regulates internal
Carries information to
environment. Carriers
the CNS from the senses
information from the CNS and from the CNS to
to organs, blood vessels
the skeletal muscles.
and glands.
SympatheticParasympathetic
(Arouses the body)
(Calms after arousal)

II.Central Nervous System

(Brain)
Brain is the control center of the nervous
system, a network that stretches to the tip of
the toes and into every organ of the body.

Major Parts of the Brain

Cerebrum.The biggest part of the brain making

up 75% of the total brain. It is divided into two

hemispheres, the left and right and is bridged by
the corpus callosum ( a thick band of fibers).
Cerebellum. The smallest part (lesser brain). It

is concerned primarily with the coordination of

movements.
Thalamus. Acts as a relay station for sensation.

Controls of sleep and wakefulness.

 Hypothalamus. Controls temperature, BP,,

thirst, appetite (satiety), some emotional

responses like fear, anxiety and excitement,
controls pituitary functions.
Reticular System. Controls our state of arousal,

our ability to focus attention on particular stimuli.

Thus, our state of consciousness at any moment
appears to be influenced by a filtering process in
the reticular system.
Limbic System. The primitive part of the brain

contains several distinct structures, including the

thalamus, the hippocampus, the amygdala, and
the hypothalamus.

Midbrain. Acts as a relay station for sight and

hearing particularly helps in size and reaction of

pupils and hearing acuity.
Pituitary Glands. is an important gland in the
body and it is often referred to as the 'master
gland', because it controls several of the other
hormone glands (e.g. adrenals, thyroid).
BRAIN STEM
Medulla Oblongata. Extension of the spinal

cord that controls heart beat, breathing and

blood pressure.
Pons. Controls rate, rhythm and depth of

respiration.

The brains Four Lobes:

Frontal Lobe- The seat of

conscious ideas- it draws

images and memories together
to form thoughts and plans.
Occipital Lobe- Receives
stimuli from the eyes and
translates them into
perceptions.
Temporal Lobe- Encodes longterm factual memories. It also
processes sound and
language.
Parietal Lobe- Contains body
maps that respond to sensory
information, and control
movement and orientation.

Spinal Cord
Thespinal cordis

a complex cable of
nerves that
connects the brain
to most of the rest
of the body. It is
made up of
bundles of long
nerve fibers and
has two basic
functions: to permit
some reflex
movements and to

A Two- Part Information Structure

Peripheral Nervous
System

Autonomic Nervous
System

Somatic Nervous
System

Sympathetic
Division

Parasympathetic
Division

III. Peripheral Nervous

System
The second major division of the nervous

system, the peripheral nervous system, carries

messages to and from the central nervous
system. It comprises two parts: the somatic and
the autonomic nervous systems.
The Somatic Nervous System
Thesomatic nervous systemis composed of
the sensory (afferent) neurons that carry
messages to the central nervous system and
the motor (efferent) neurons that carry
messages from the central nervous system to
the skeletal muscles of the body.

The Autonomic Nervous

System

Theautonomic nervous systemcarries messages

between the central nervous system and the internal
organs. It is broken into two parts:

The
sympatheticDivisi
on.
most active when
you are angry,
afraid or aroused
Fight-or-flight
response
Increase heart rate
and breathing
Stops digestion

The parasympathetic Division.

Calms body
Produces effects opposite to those of

the sympathetic division

Reduces heart rate and breathing
Restore digestion

Message Systems
The body has two major message

networks- the nervous system and the

endocrine system which provide main
links between the brain and body.

The Endocrine System

Distributes the bodys hormones, controlled
by the hypothalamus and the pituitary
gland at the base of the brain with farreaching effects of our health.

Endocrine Glands

Endocrine
Gland
Pituitary gland

Hormone

Function

Disorders

Growth hormone
and other
hormones that
affect other
endocrine glands

Regulates
normal body
growth

Thyroid gland

Thyroxine

Brain
development
and metabolism

Parathyroid
gland

Parathyroid
hormone

Regulates
calcium
Levels in the
blood

Pancreas

Insulin and
Glucagon

Regulates blood
Sugar levels

Diabetes
mellitus

Adrenal Gland

Adrenalin
Noradrenalin

Regulates heart
beat and blood
pressure for

Addisons
disease
Cushings

Instructs the
glands to release
their hormones

Overproductiongiantism
underproduction
- dwarfism

Over secretion
hyperthyroidism
Under secretion
hypothyroidism

Endocrine
Gland

Hormone

Function

Disorder

Pineal Gland

Melatonin

Regulates sleep Sleep disorders

Wake cycle

Ovaries

Estrogen
Progesterone

Secondary sexual
changes
Prepares female
for pregnancy

Disorders in
sexual
development in
females

Androgen
Testosterone

Secondary sexual
changes
Sperm cell
production,
sexual behavior

Disorders in
sexual
development in
males

Gonads

Testicles

The Cerebral Hemispheres

Aside from this, the two hemispheres may also be

classified as dominant or minor depending on which
hand of the person is the dominant hand (hand used
for writing).

Dominant

Minor
Hemisphere

1. Number skills
1. Insight
2. Written Language 2. 3-D forms
3. Reasoning
3. Art awareness
4. Spoken Language 4. Imagination and
creativity
5. Scientific Skills

5. Music Awareness

Reporters :
Fil Jearen v. Apiag
Sheed mhay q. Manata
Queenie jean l. micabalo
Juline juntong
Jhon cris asoy
Clave john panganoron