POWER

ELECTRONICS
LAB DEMO
By : Alok Kumar Mishra

Asst. Professor
Department of EEE

Experiment
No.1

SCR V-I
Characteristics

Aim of the Experiment

To Draw the V-I

Characteristics of
SCR.
4

Apparatus Required
Sl.
No.

1.

Instrument

SCR
Characteristic
s Study Unit
2. Patch cords
for connecting

Rang
e

Type Quanti
ty

01

As
reqd.
5

Circuit Diagram

SCR
SCR (Silicon Controlled Rectifier) is a 3-terminal, 4layer, 3-junction p-n-p-n semiconductor switching
device.

Like a diode an SCR is an unidirectional device that

blocks current from cathode to anode.
Unlike a diode SCR also blocks current from anode to
cathode until it is trigger into conduction by a proper
gate signal between gate and cathode.
7

VI Characteristics of SCR

Reverse Blocking Mode

In this mode when a ve voltage is applied across anode to cathode a

reverse leakage current starts flowing from cathode to anode due to
minority charge carrier.
When Vak increases to VBR (Reverse Breakdown Voltage)
Junction J1 & J3
breakdown due to avalanche.
At this voltage VBR SCR is associated with high voltage & high
current,
so the device will get damage.

Forward Blocking Mode

In this mode when a +ve voltage is applied across anode to

cathode
a forward leakage current starts flowing from anode to cathode due
to minority charge carrier.
If Vak increases to VB0 (Forward Breakover Voltage) Junction J2
breakdown due to avalanche & the device gets turned on.
Generally VB0 is very high, hence this method is not employed for
triggering the SCR.
10

Forward Conduction Mode

In this mode a +ve voltage is applied across anode to cathode.

When a small voltage is applied across gate to cathode I g starts
flowing from G to K hence electron will flow in opposite direction
&
Junction J2 breakdown due to avalanche, at Vak which is much less
than VB0 & the device get turned on ( when Ia > IL ).
11

Procedure

V I Characteristics of an SCR is drawn between anode to

cathode voltage (Vak) and anode current Ia.

In this exp. we only draw the forward blocking &

forward conduction part.

Make the connection as per circuit diagram.

Switch on the power supply.

Give a suitable gate current ( 5 6 ) mA from 15V

source.

Keep the rheostat in middle position.

12

Procedure Contd

Gradually increase Vak from 40V source (start from 0 volt).

Note down Vak & Ia

At one point we notice that Vak reduces to very low value & Ia
increases to a high value.

Note down Vbo (forward breakover voltage ) & I L (Latching Current).

Keep Vak at Vbo from 40V source & increase the load resistance
gradually from rheostat.

Ia starts decreasing keep on increasing the load resistance

gradually.

13

Procedure Contd

Note down Vak & Ia.

At one point we notice that SCR stops
conducting.
Note down Recovery voltage & IH (Holding
Current).
Repeat above step for a different gate
current, we notice that Vbo will change.
Draw the graph between Vak & Ia.
Mark the point IH , IL ,Vbo.

14

Tabulation
Ig1 =

Sl.No.
1.
2.
3.
.
.

(mA)

Ig 2 =

(mA)

Vak (V)

Ia (mA)

Vak (V)

Ia (mA)

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

..
End

15

Experiment
No.2

16

Triggering
method of SCR

17

Aim of the Experiment

Study of Different
method of triggering of
SCR.
1.
2.
3.

RC Triggering Method
UJT Triggering Method
Cosine - Triggering Method
18

Apparatus Required
Sl.
No.

Instrument

Rang
e

Type Quanti
ty

1.

RC triggering Unit

01

2.

UJT triggering Unit

01

3.

Cosine triggering Unit

01

4.

Patch cords for

connecting

As reqd.

19

Triggering
Triggering means taking an SCR from forward blocking
mode to
forward conduction mode.
There are different method triggering i.e.
a) Forward voltage triggering
b) Gate triggering
c) dv/dt triggering
d) Light triggering
e) Temperature triggering
Generally we use gate triggering. (practically)
In gate triggering a gate pulse is applied across gate & cathode when
SCR is forward biased(i.e. SCR is in Forward blocking mode).
In some cases (HVDC) Light triggering is also used.
20

Firing Angle
In the +ve half SCR is FB
In the -ve half SCR is RB
If we give a gate pulse in the
+ve half SCR will turn on
If we replace SCR with a diode
it will remain on in in entire
+ve half & off in entire -ve
half.
Firing angle is the angle
measured from the
instant
that gives largest
average
output voltage to the
instant it is triggered.
21

R & RC Triggering
In Resistance(R) triggering the

range
of firing angle is 0 < < 90 .
The limited range of firing angle or
triggering angle in Resistance(R)
triggering can be overcome by
using
RC (Resistance - Capacitance)
triggering.
22

Circuit Diagram

23

RC Half wave Triggering

The above circuit is called a half wave trigger circuit
because this is a half wave controlled rectifier
circuit.
The transformer step down the ac supply 230v
to12v.

In the +ve half of the transformer output the SCR is

FB, if SCR is triggered then it get short circuited and
we get the output voltage across the load.
To trigger the SCR capacitor voltage Vc is
used,
which will appear across the gate and

24

RC Half wave Triggering

Contd..
In the ve half
cycle
the capacitor C
charges to peak
supply voltage
Vm
at wt= -/2, through

D2, R1, load, T/F .

At wt = 0 let the voltage reduce to some lower

value
oa .
In the +ve half cycle the capacitor charges with
upper
plate +ve , through load, R1, R, C & T/F from the initial
25

RC Half wave Triggering Contd..

When capacitor voltage Vc = Vgt SCR turns on.
Vgt = minimum gate trigger voltage, i.e. the
minimum
G to K voltage to turn on the SCR.

To change the firing angle change the value of R .

For higher value of R the charging time of the

capacitor is more ( from oa to Vgt ) and is more &
output voltage is less, and vice versa.

26

Procedure
for RC Triggering
Make the connection as per circuit diagram,
connect
multimeter or dc voltmeter across the load.

Keep the potentiometer (R) in maximum position

&
switch on the supply.
For high value of R charging time is more hence
we
will not get the pulse & output voltage.
Decrease the value of R, observe the gate pulse
across gate cathode terminal & trace the gate

27

Procedure

for RC Triggering Contd..

Observe the load voltage (Vo), SCR voltage
waveform
on CRO & trace it.
Gradually vary the potentiometer (R), note down
firing angle & corresponding load voltage & gate
pulse.
Calculate the firing angle from CRO for different R.
Calculate the theoretical value of load voltage (Vo) by
using the formula
Vo = Vm /2 ( 1 + cos )
{ for HWR }
Note down the practical value Vo from voltmeter
reading.
Calculate the error.
28

Circuit Diagram

29

RC Full wave Triggering

Full wave triggering means we trigger the SCR in
both
the half cycle & we get the output voltage in both
the
half cycle .

In this full wave triggering

circuit the diode rectifier
output voltage Vd is

In both the half cycle the SCR is FB, if SCR is

triggered
(in both the half cycle) then it get short circuited
and
Vd will appear across the load.

30

RC Full wave Triggering

Contd..
Here initial voltage
across the capacitor is
zero.
In the beginning of
the
of the cycle capacitor
charges from zero
through load, R1, R, C
,Vd.

When capacitor voltage Vc = Vgt SCR turns on in

both the half cycle.
The firing angle can be changed by changing R.
31

Procedure
for RC Full wave
Triggering
Same as half wave triggering.
To calculate the theoritical value of
load voltage (Vo) change the
formula to
Vo = Vm / ( 1 + cos )
32

UJT (Uni Junction Transistor)

An UJT is made up of an n-type silicon base to which p-type emitter is
embedded.
It has 3 terminal emitter E, base-one B1, base-two B2
Between bases B1 & B2 the unijunction behaves like an ordinary
resistance. RB1 & RB2 are the internal resistances respectively from
bases
B1 & B2 to eta point A.

33

UJT Contd
When VBB is applied between B1 & B2 then
VAB1 = VBB (RB1 / (RB1 + RB2) )
off ratio

VBB

= intrinsic stand-

Let a voltage Ve is applied between E & B1

As long as Ve < VBB E - B1 unijunction is RB & Ie is ve
When Ve = VBB + VD at point B Ie is +ve & E - B1 unijunction begins
to conduct. At point B emitter starts injecting holes to B 1
It has 3 terminal emitter E, base-one B1, base-two B2
Because of increase number of charge carrier the resistance RB1 of E - B1
unijunction decreases. As a result potential of eta point A falls &
therefore Ie increases. This exhibit a ve resistance region ( an increase
in Ie with decrease in Ve )
At point C entire base region is saturated & RB1 does not decrease any
more.
A further increase in Ie will increase Ve.
This ve resistance region is used to trigger the SCR.
34

UJT Oscillator Triggering

R1 & R2 is small compared to RB1 & RB2 .
When VBB is applied capacitor C begins to charge through R towards
VBB.
When the capacitor voltage Vc = Ve reaches VBB + VD, E - B1
junction
breaks downs. As a result UJT turns ON and C rapidly discharges
through low resistance R1.
The voltage drop across R 1 used to trigger the SCR.

35

Circuit Diagram

36

Procedure
Same as RC triggering
for UJT Triggering
In this circuit In place of R1 a pulse transformer is
connected for amplification and isolation of gate
pulse.
Make the connection as per circuit diagram,
connect
multimeter or dc voltmeter across the load.
Keep the potentiometer (R =220K) in maximum
position & switch on the supply.
For high value of R charging time is more hence
we
will not get the pulse & output voltage.
Decrease the value of R, observe the gate pulse
across gate cathode terminal & trace the gate

37

Procedure
Same as RC triggering
for UJT Triggering Contd..
Observe the load voltage (Vo) waveform on CRO &
trace it.
Gradually vary the potentiometer (R), note down
firing angle & corresponding load voltage & gate
pulse.
Calculate the firing angle from CRO for different R.
Calculate the theoretical value of load voltage
(Vo)
by using the formula
Vo = Vm /2 ( 1 + cos
)
{ for HWR }
Note down the practical value Vo from voltmeter
reading.
Calculate the error.

38

Circuit Diagram

39

Procedure
for UJT Full wave
Triggering

Same as half wave triggering.

For full wave remove the
connection P to Q & R to S and
join
P to M & N to S.
To calculate the theoretical value
of
load voltage (Vo) change the
formula to
40

COSINE FIRING PULSE

GENERATOR

41

Procedure
for COSINE Triggering
t1 is a sine wave when it is phase shifted by
90 it becomes cosine.
Similarly 270 phase shift means it is -cos.
Comparator 1 gives o/p when VR is more
+ve
than t2 (same for comp.2).
Clock pulse generator gives pulse when
there
is a change from 0 to +ve.
When CK1and CK2 is given to SR FF they
generates the respective o/p according to the
T T.

42

Waveforms for
cosine firing scheme

43

How to calculate the firing

angle

44

Tabulation
Sl.
No
.

Type of
Connectio
n

Vma
x

Vo
(Theoretic
al)
(From
Formula)

1.

UJT HW

2.

UJT - FW

3.

RC HW

4.

RC FW

5.

COSINE

Vo
(Practical)
(From
Voltmeter
Reading)

..
End

%
Erro
r

45

Experiment
No.3

46

AC
Regulator

47

Aim of the Experiment

To trace the output

waveform of a single
Phase AC Voltage
Controller Using
TRIAC.
48

Apparatus Required
Sl.
No.

Instrument

Ratin
g

Quanti
ty

1.

Triac Power Circuit

01

2.

Multimeter

Digital
Type

01

3.

CRO(Dual Trace)

30MHz

01

4.

Patch cords for

connecting

As reqd.

49

Triac

SCR is an unidirectional device conduct only from A

to K by giving a proper gate signal in Forward

blocking mode.
A TRIAC is a bidirectional device which can conduct
from A to K and K to A with a proper gate signal.
As it can conduct in both direction the terms A & K
are not applicable to triac. Its three terminals are
MT1 (Main terminal 1), MT2 (Main terminal 2) &
Gate.
When a +ve gate voltage w.r.t MT1 is applied in ve
half it conducts from MT1 to MT2.
When a +ve gate voltage w.r.t MT2 (or -ve voltage
w.r.t MT1) is applied in -ve half it conducts from

50

Triac Contd

51

AC Regulator

S1 & S2 get turn OFF naturally at & 2 respectively due to resistive

load as current falls below IH .
In this experiment we use one Triac in place of two switch S 1 & S2.

52

Circuit Diagram

53

Circuit Diagram

54

Procedure
Make the connection as per circuit diagram.
Generate the firing pulse from the triggering unit
and trace the o/p voltage for different firing
angle
from the CRO.
Calculate the firing angle using the formula
= (X/Y) 180
Calculate Vrms using the formula

Vrms = Vm/2[ {( )+ (sin2)/2 }]

= Vs/[ {( )+ (sin2)/2 }]
55

Tabulation
Sl.
No.

Vrms
(Theoretic
al)

Vrms
(Practic
al)

1.
2.
3.

.
.
.

.
.
.

.
.
.

.
.
.

.
.
.

..
End

56

Experiment
No.4

57

1
Controlled Rectifier

58

Aim of the Experiment

To trace the output

waveform of a single
Phase half/full
controlled bridge with R,
R-L, R-L-E Load with &
without FD
59

Apparatus Required
Sl.N
o.

Instrument

Rating

Quantity

1.

Isolation transformer

230/115V,11KV

01

2.

1 Full Controlled Converter

01

3.

1 Converter Firing Circuit

01

4.

Load Resistance

100/2A

01

5.

Load Inductance

80mH

01

6.

DC Voltmeter

0-75V

01

7.

DC Ammeter

0-2A

01

8.

Patch cords for connecting

As reqd.

60

Circuit Diagram

61

Phase Controlled Rectifier

Phase control Rectifier converts fixed ac to variable dc.
CLASSIFICATION
Depending upon the device used :
Uncontrolled all device are diode
Controlled all device are SCR
Half Controlled The device are half SCR and half diode.

Depending upon the type of supply :

Single phase Half wave
Full wave Centre tapped
Bridge type
Three phase Half wave
Full wave
In this experiment we will do the single phase full wave bridge type controlled
and half controlled rectifier with different load.

62

Phase Controlled Rectifier

Contd
In +ve half T1T2
are FB when a
gate
pulse is applied to
T1T2 at a firing
angle it conduct
and Vo = Vin.
For R load o/p
current waveform
is same as Vo,
hence at t = ,
Vo = 0 and io = 0
hence T1T2 turns
off naturally as
io < i H .
In -ve half T3T4 are
FB and process
repeats
63

Phase Controlled Rectifier

Contd
For R-L load due to the inductor which opposes
sudden change in current, current rises gradually
and let it reduce to zero at > .
Up to , T1T2 remain ON as io > iH i.e. +ve and
hence -ve voltage appears across the o/p.
Same process repeats in -ve half.
For RLE (dc motor) load T1T2 is FB only if Vin >E
hence must be greater than 1 and less than 2.
Same procedure repeats similar to RL load only the
change is when all device are not conducting we
get
Vo = E.

64

Phase Controlled Rectifier

Contd
With Free Wheeling Diode :
When we connect the FD across the load a b and
c d are connected (in circuit diagram).
No change in o/p voltage waveform for R load.
For RL and RLE load -ve part of o/p voltage will
be removed because when the Vo tries to just
become -ve FD get FB and thyristor current shifts
to FD and SCR turns OFF and current freewheels
through FD. Vo =0 when FD is conducting.
FD is used to improve the performance of the o/p
voltage.

65

Phase Controlled Rectifier

Contd
Single phase Semi controlled Bridge rectifier :
Same circuit diagram only T2 T4 is replaced by D2 D1.
In +ve half T1 D2 are FB when gate pulse given to T 1 it
conducts.
In -ve half T3 D1 are FB when gate pulse given to T 3 it conducts.
For R load V0 waveform remain unchanged.
For RL load and RLE load at t = D2 is RB and turns OFF and
T1 also turns OFF there is no -ve o/p voltage waveform beyond
.
If we connect the FD across the load i.e. connect a b and c d .
No change for R load.
For RL and RLE load if load current is assumed continuous at t
= FD gets FB and load current freewheels through FD.

66

Procedure
Make the connection as per circuit diagram
For half controlled, connect the gate cathode
terminal of 2 SCRs to the respective point on the
firing module & for full controlled connect 4 SCRs
to the respective point on the firing module.
Keep the firing angle knob at 180(min. position) &
switch on the power supply.
Switch on the power circuit & vary the firing
angle.
For full controlled bridge trace the o/p voltage
waveform from CRO at different firing angle and
different load.
Simultaneously note DC o/p voltage & current
through the load.

67

Procedure Contd
Calculate

from CRO and Vm and calculate the avg. o/p

voltage from the given formula.

Vo(avg) = Vm/ [ 1+cos ] R load

Vo(avg) = Vm/ [ 1+cos ] R-L load with FD
Vo(avg) = 2Vm/ [ cos ] R-L load without FD
Semicontrolled rectifier :
Vo(avg) = Vm/ [ 1+cos ] R-L load with FD
Compare

the theoretical value of Vo(avg) calculated using

the formula with practical value(voltmeter readings).
Repeat above procedure with FD.
Repeat above procedure for half controlled bridge.

68

Tabulation
Sl.No
.

Firing angle ()

Idc (Amp)

Theoretical
Vdc

Practical
Vdc

Full Controlled rectifier with R load (without FD)

1.

2.

Full Controlled rectifier with R load (with FD)

1.

2.

Full Controlled rectifier with R-L load (without FD)

1.

2.

Full Controlled rectifier with R-L load (with FD)

1.

2.

.
69

Tabulation
Sl.No
.

Firing angle ()

Idc (Amp)

Theoretical
Vdc

Practical
Vdc

Semi Controlled rectifier with R load (without FD)

1.

2.

Semi Controlled rectifier with R load (with FD)

1.

2.

Semi Controlled rectifier with R-L load (without FD)

1.

2.

Semi Controlled rectifier with R-L load (with FD)

1.

2.

.
70

Experiment
No.5

71

Series Inverter

72

Aim of the Experiment

To observe and trace

the output waveforms
of series inverter for
different frequencies.
73

Apparatus Required
Sl.
No.

Instrument

Rating

Quantity

1.

Series inverter module

01

2.

Multimeter

Digital
Type

01

3.

CRO(Dual Trace)

30MHz

01

4.

Load Resistance
(Rheostat)

50, 5A

01

5.

Patch cords for

connecting

As reqd.

74

Commutation
Once the SCR is in conduction gate looses its control
now the device can be turned off if IA is reduced
below IH, the device goes to forward blocking mode.
How ?
Consider a circuit Case - I

There is a natural zero at A, io = 0 due to resistive

load as io < IH SCR OFF naturally i.e. natural
commutation.
75

Commutation Contd
Commutation means the SCR has regain its forward
blocking capability after forward conduction.
(i.e. thyristor turn off process)

Case II

When SCR in ON Vo=Vdc , io = Vdc/R ( there is no natural zero )

In the case we have to use forced commutation.
In this experiment the series inverter uses class A
type
commutation. In series inverter the commutating

76

Class A Commutation

In class A commutation R,L,C is so designed that the overall circuit

must be under damped.
For an under damped circuit i.e < 1,
R/2(C/L)

n = 1/ (LC),

The nature of current waveform is shown above.

As there is a natural zero at A SCR turns OFF.
77

Circuit Diagram

78

Procedure

T1 & T2 are FB always.

Gate pulse given to T1 it conducts and it forms an
under damped circuit consisting of L1, R ,C2.
+ve o/p voltage appears across the load.
And T1 turns off automatically due to the natural
zero.(self commutation)
When gate pulse given to T2 process repeats
similar
to T1 and ve voltage appears across o/p.
(as current direction is reverses)
In this exp. make circuit connections as shown in
the
circuit diagram.
Connect rheostat as load with input DC voltage at
24V.
79

Procedure Contd

Connect the CRO probe across the rheostat.

Switch on the D.C. power supply and give

triggering
pulses to the thyristors.
Vary the frequency of the inverter circuit in steps.
For each step note down output voltages.
Observe and trace load voltage waveforms from
CRO.
Tabulate the readings in the table.
80

Tabulation
SL.
NO.

1.
2.
3.
4.

No. of
Time Frequen Load
X
period cy in Hz Voltag
Divisio
T in
e in
n
ms
volts
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

..
End

81

Experiment
No.6

82

3
Controlled Rectifier

83

Aim of the Experiment

To trace the output voltage

waveform of Three Phase
full wave fully controlled
and semi controlled
converter with R, R-L, R-L-E
Load with & without FD.
84

Apparatus Required
Sl.N
o.

Instrument

Rating

Quantity

1.

3 Isolation transformer

01

2.

3 Converter Module

01

3.

Converter Firing Circuit

01

4.

Load Resistance

100/2A

01

5.

Load Inductance

01

6.

Autotransformer

0-230V/5A

01

7.

Patch cords for connecting

As reqd.

85

Circuit Diagram

86

Fundamentals

For high power application 3 rectifier are used.

(1 up to 15KW are used)

Diode whose anode

potential is highest will
conduct i.e. D2.

Diode whose cathode

potential is min will
conduct i.e. D2.
87

3 Half Wave Rectifier

The 3 phase voltages (VA, VB, VC) are

displaced by 120.
The diode whose anode potential is
highest must conduct first.
Each diode conduct for a duration of 120 in 360 cycle.
VA is more +ve from /6 to (5)/6 D1 conduct when D1
conduct V0 = VA
VB is more +ve from (5)/6 to (9)/6 D2 conduct, V0 = VB
VC is more +ve from (9)/6 to 2 D3 conduct, V0 = VC

88

Output voltage waveform of 3

HWR

89

3 Full Wave Diode Bridge

Rectifier

It gives a 6-pulse o/p

voltage per cycle.

Each diode conduct for 120

and diode conduct in pair
i.e. one from +ve group and
one from -ve group, i.e. at
the o/p we will always get a
line voltage between any
two line.

The diode in +ve and ve group are so named that they

conduct
in a serial sequence in no. i.e. D1-D2, D2-D3, D3-D4, D4-D5,
D5-D6, D6-D1 & again D1-D2.
90

3 Full Wave Diode Bridge

Rectifier Contd..
Here

we draw the line voltage.

we

know that the line voltage leads the

respective phase voltage by 30.

From /6 to /2 the line voltage VAB is most +ve hence A

connected
to D1 and B connected to D6 conduct & we get V0 = VAB
91

3 Full Wave Controlled

Rectifier

Similar to diode rectifier it

gives a 6-pulse o/p voltage.
Each SCR conduct for 120
and SCR conduct in pair for
60 one from +ve group &
one from -ve group.
Conducting seq. is same T1T2, T2-T3, T3-T4, T4-T5, T5-T6,
T6-T1

Firing angle will measure from t = /6 (bcoz T1 get FB from

/6).

92

3 Full Wave Controlled

Rectifier Contd

Let = 30, when we give a gate pulse at /3 to T1 it

conduct together with T6, as T6 is already conducting. When
we give a gate pulse to T2 at (2)/3 it conduct with T1 up to
& so on.
For R-load if < 60 the current is continuous.

93

3 Full Wave Controlled

Rectifier Contd

For R-load if > 60 the current becomes discontinuous.

94

3 Full Wave Controlled

Rectifier Contd
For

R-L load if the load inductor is assumed to be high

then even if >60 load current is continuous and we
get the ve voltage also all device will conduct for 120.

95

3 Half Controlled
Converter

SCR from ve group T4 T6

T2 is replaced with D4 D6
D2 Only the SCR to be
triggered at an interval
of
120.
For < 60 o/p voltage waveform is continuous if
>
60 it is discontinuous. As the o/p voltage tries to
become ve FD conducts & V0 = 0.
96

3 Half Controlled Converter

Contd

97

Procedure
Make the connection as per the circuit
diagram.
For half controlled, connect 3 SCRs and three
diodes. In case of a full converter six SCRs
are connected as controlled switches.
Switch on the power circuit and vary the
firing angle.
Trace the waveforms for various firing angle
from CRO.
Simultaneously note DC o/p voltage and
current through load.

98

Procedure Contd
Calculate

from CRO and Vm and calculate the avg. o/p voltage

from the given formula.

Vo(avg) = 3Vm/ [cos ] R load, < 60

Vo(avg) = 3Vm/ [ 1+cos ( /3 + ) ] R load > 60
Vo(avg) = 3Vm/ [ cos ] R-L load
Semicontrolled rectifier :
Vo(avg) =33 Vm/2 [ 1+cos ] R-L load with FD
Compare

the theoretical value of Vo(avg) calculated using the

formula with practical value(voltmeter readings).

Repeat

above procedure with FD.

Repeat

above procedure for half controlled bridge.

99

Tabulation
Sl.No
.

Firin
g
Angl
e ()

Type of Load

1.
2.
3.
4.

30
.
.
.

R Load with FD

Practica
l value
in volt
(Vo)

Theoretica
l value in
volt (Vo)

%
Error

R-L Load with FD

R Load without FD
R-L Load with FD

5.
6.
7.
8.

75
.
.
.

R Load without FD
R-L Load with FD
R Load without FD
R-L Load without FD

..
End

100

Experiment
No.7

101

Jones
chopper

102

Aim of the Experiment

DC Jones chopper to
control o/p average dc
voltage at constant
frequency with
different duty cycle.
103

Apparatus Required
Sl.
No
.
1.
2.
3.

Instrument

Rating

Quanti
ty

DC Chopper power circuit

DC Chopper firing circuit
DC regulated power supply

0-30V/2A

01
01
01

4.

Rheostat

50 / 2A

01

5.

CRO

30MHz

01

6.

Patch cords for connecting

As reqd.
104

DC Chopper
DC

Chopper converts fixed dc to variable dc

voltage

105

Circuit Diagram

106

Explanation
T1 is the main SCR i.e. when T1 is on V0 = Vin and when
T1 is OFF V0=0
To get a chopped o/p voltage we have to ON and OFF
T1 in a cycle.
T1 is always FB when a gate pulse is applied it turns
ON.
How to turn OFF no natural zero current.
To turn OFF T1 we have to use forced commutation,
here C, T2, D1, L1 is used to turn OFF the main SCR T 1.
T2 is called the auxiliary SCR, when T 2 is turn ON T1
OFF.
Here we will use CLASS-D commutation (voltage
commutation.)

107

Explanation Contd
Voltage commutation

In voltage commutation a reverse voltage is

applied to a conducting thyristor for a min time tq.
Let us assume that initially C is charged to a
voltage Vdc with upper plate +ve.
When SCR T1 is triggered, load current flow
through T1, L2, Load & Vin.
The capacitor discharge current flow through C, T 1,
L1,D it forms a LC resonant circuit and charges to
Vdc with lower plate +ve.
When T2 is ON the reverse capacitor voltage
appears across T1 and turns OFF.

108

Procedure
In this experiment we have to trace the o/p
voltage waveform for different i/p voltage at
different duty cycle.
Make the interconnections in the power circuit as
given in the circuit diagram, connect DC supply
from a fixed DC source.
Initially set the input DC supply to 10V. Connect a
resistive load.
Connect the respective trigger outputs from the
firing circuit to the respective trigger outputs
from the firing circuit to the respective SCRs in
the power circuit.

109

Procedure Contd

Observe the voltage waveform across load. A

chopper DC waveforms is clearly observed.

Observe the voltage across load, capacitor, main

SCR and auxiliary SCR by varying duty cycle.

Now vary the DC supply up to a rated voltage (30V

DC). Trace the waveforms at different duty cycle.
Connect voltmeter and ammeter and note down
values in the table.

110

Tabulation
Sl. No.

Vin

ToN

ToFF

(In ms)

(In ms)

Duty
Cycle

Vo

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

..
End

111

Experiment
No.8

112

Different
Commutation
Technique of SCR

113

Aim of the Experiment

To rig up different
Commutation
Circuit of SCR and
trace the o/p
waveform from CRO.
114

Apparatus Required
Sl.
No
.
1.

Instrument

Rating

Quanti
ty

01

2.

Forced Commutation study

unit
Rheostat

50 / 2A

01

3.

CRO

30MHz

01

4.
5.

Patch cords for connecting

CRO Probe

As reqd.
As reqd.

115

Commutation
Once the SCR is in conduction (gate looses its
control)
gate pulse can be removed to reduce the gate circuit
power loss, now the device can be turned off if IA is
reduced below IH, the device goes to forward
blocking
mode.
How ?
It depends on the nature of the circuit.
Thyristor turns off means the thyristor has
regain forward blocking capability after forward
conduction this process is known as
commutation.
116

Commutation Contd
Consider a circuit Case - I

There is a natural zero at A, io = 0 due to resistive

load as io < IH SCR turns off naturally i.e. natural
commutation.

117

Commutation Contd
Case II

When SCR in ON Vo=Vdc , io = Vdc/R ( there is no natural zero )

In the case we have to use forced commutation.
Forced commutation means some external mechanism has to be used
to
turn off the SCR
Forced commutation are of two type

1. Voltage commutation
2. Current commutation
118

Voltage Commutation

When SCR is conducting with help of an external

capacitor a reverse voltage is applied to the
device
for a minimum time tq and SCR become RB & the
current through the SCR is zero which is less than
IH
& device gets commutated.
119

Current commutation

When device is conducting it is carrying a current

iA
in the direction i.e. A to K.
A current Ix is allowed to flow in the opposite
direction i.e. K to A in the conducting SCR
Net current in the direction A to K reduces &
when
the current reduces below IH device turns off.

120

Classification
CLASS A & B Current Commutation
CLASS C, D & E Voltage Commutation
CLASS A Self Commutation or natural
Commutation
(because they do not require
an
external SCR to OFF main
SCR)
CLASS B, C, D, E Auxiliary Commutation
(because they need an external 121

Class A Commutation

In class A commutation R,L,C is so designed that the overall circuit

must be under damped.
For an under damped circuit i.e. < 1,
(R/2)(C/L)

n = 1/ (LC),

The nature of current waveform is shown above.

As there is a natural zero at A SCR turns OFF naturally.
122

Class B Commutation
Initially the capacitor

charges to a voltage Vs with

polarity shown.
When T1 ON load current
starts flowing through Vs, T1,
Load.(Capacitor voltage
remains at Vs)

When TA ON Capacitor forms a resonant circuit C, L,TA and

reverse its polarity and charges to Vs with - + polarity, and the
resonant current becomes zero TA turns OFF.
Vc with polarity - + Vs FB the diode D, as T1 is conducting a
resonant current starts flowing in opposite direction i.e. from K
to A of SCR T1, C, L, D.
Hence the net current through T1 reduces to zero & turns OFF.
123

Class C Commutation

Initially T1 is on by giving a gate

pulse, a load current starts flowing
through Edc, R1, T1. Another current
ic flow through T1 through Edc, R2, C,
T1 which charges Vc to Edc with
polarity shown.
When T2 is ON a reverse voltage Vc
falls across T1 through T2 which
turns OFF T1.
Now two current flow, Edc, R1, C, T2 and cap. charges to Edc
with reverse polarity, another current Edc, R2, T2 flow.
When T1 ON T2 turns OFF as a reverse voltage appears across T2
through T1.
This type of commutation is called complementary
commutation
because turning ON T1 turns OFF T2 and turning ON T2 turns OFF
T1.
124

Class D Commutation
Initially it is assumed that
capacitor is charged to a
voltage
of Edc with polarity shown & T1
& T2 are initially OFF.
When T1 is ON a load current
starts flowing through T1 & V0
= Edc, and capacitor gets a
discharging path through T1
and a resonant current also
starts flowing through C, T1,
L,D
which changes the polarity of
When T2 turns ON a reverse voltage appears across T1 i.e. the
capacitor voltage to Edc.
Edc and turns OFF T1.
125

Class E Commutation
This commutation is also
called external pulse
commutation becuase
an
external source is needed
to turn OFF the main
SCR.

T1 is FB and when it is
triggered it starts
To turn OFF T1 a base current
is given toand
ON Vthe
conducting
0 = V 1.
transistor.
As a result a reverse voltage V2 appear across T1
and
turns off thyristor T1.
126

Procedure
Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
Connect trigger outputs to gate and cathode of
respective SCRs.
Switch on the DC supply to the power circuit and also
switch on the firing circuit.
Observe the voltage waveforms across the load
resistance and trace those waveforms.
Observe the voltage waveforms at different
frequencies
of chopping and also at different duty cycles.
Repeat the experiment for different commutation
circuits.
End ..

127

Experiment
No.9

128

3-
Inverter

129

Aim of the Experiment

To trace the phase

and line voltage
waveform of a IGBT
based 3- PWM
inverter.
130

Apparatus Required
Sl. No.

Instrument

Rating

Quantity

1.

Inverter module

01

2.

Rheostat

100 / 2A

01

3.

CRO

30MHz

01

4.

DC Power Supply

0 60V

01

5.

Patch cords for

connecting

As reqd.

6.

Multimeter

Digital type

01

131

Inverter

Inverter is a device converts dc to ac.

VSI (Voltage source inverter)
A Voltage source inverter is that inverter which
takes
a constant dc supply as its input.
A 3 VSI, takes constant dc as input and generate
3
voltage having a phase displacement of 120.
A basic 3 inverter is a six-step bridge inverter. It
uses a minimum of 6 thyristor or 6 IGBT.
A step is defined as a change in the firing from one

132

Inverter Contd
For 360 each step must be of 60 for a 6 step 3 inverter.
It means that the thyristor must be gated at interval of 60 in
proper sequence, so that a 3 ac voltage is produced at the
output of a six-step inverter.
A 3, 6-step inverter has either 6 thyristor or 6 IGBT & 6
diodes.
Basically there are two modes of gating the thyristor, in one
mode thyristor conduct for 180 each & in other mode thyristor
conduct for 120 each.
But in both the mode gating signals are applied & removed at
60
intervals of the output voltage waveform.
133

Circuit Diagram

134

180 Conduction Mode of

3 VSI

Each SCR conduct for 180 of a cycle.

SCR in each arm/phase e.g. T1 & T4 are switched ON after a time

interval of 180 between the two SCR.

It means T1 conducts for first 180 of the cycle then T 4 conducts for
next 180 of the cycle.

SCR in the upper group or in the +ve group conduct at an interval of

120.

i.e. T1 is ON at t = 0 & T3 is ON at t = 120, then T5 is ON at t =

240. Same things for lower group.

The sequence of firing SCR is

T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
135

180 Conduction Mode of

3 VSI Contd
In step I

0 < t < /3

Equivalent ckt. is

Req = (3R)/2,
Vs = I (3R)/2

=> I = (2Vs)/(3R)

Apply current division

Vao = R I R/(2R) = Vs/3
Vco = Vs/3

Vbo = -2V/3

Line voltage
Vab = Vao Vbo = Vs
Vbc = -Vs,

Vca = 0

Analysis is same for all other

step.

136

180 Mode

137

120 Conduction Mode of

3 VSI

Circuit diagram is same.

Here SCR conduct for 120 only, here also each step is of 60
duration.

Here if the upper thyristor of a phase conduct for 120 then

there is a 60 commutation gap during which none of the
thyristor of that phase conduct.

If T1 is triggered at t = 0, T1 conducts upto t = 120, then

from t = 120 to 180 none of T1 & T4 conduct. At t = 180
T4 is triggered and so on..

Here in any one step only two thyristor is conducting.

138

120 Conduction Mode of

3 VSI Contd
The triggering sequence is same
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
Step - I
Eq. ckt.

0 < t < /3 ,
Only T1 & T6 are conducting.
Vao = Vs/2
Vbo = -Vs/2 ,

Vco = 0

Vab = Vs
Vbc = -Vs/2 ,

Vca = -Vs/2

Analysis is same for all

other step.

139

120 Mode

140

Procedure

Make circuit connections as shown in the circuit

diagram.

Apply DC source of 60V to the inverter module.

Switching ON the inverter firing unit.

Switch ON the DC power supply.

Vary the frequency of the inverter circuit in steps. For

each step observe and trace load voltage waveforms
from CRO.

141

Tabulation
Sl.No
.

Mode of
Operatio
n

1.

180 (f1)

2.

180 (f2)

3.

120 (f1)

4.

120 (f2)

Line
Voltage
From
CRO
(in volt)

Line
Voltage
From
Multimet
er
(in volt)

Phase
Voltage
From
CRO
(in volt)

Phase
Voltage
From
Multimete
r
(in volt)

..
End

142

Experiment
No.10

143

Cycloconverter

144

Aim of the Experiment

To trace the output

voltage waveform of
a step down
Cycloconverter with
R load.
145

Apparatus Required
Sl. No.

Instrument

Rating

Quantity

1.

1 Cycloconverter
power module

01

2.

Rheostat

100 / 2A

01

3.

CRO

30MHz

01

4.

Thyristor Firing
Circuit

01

5.

Patch cords for

connecting

As reqd.

6.

Multimeter

DC, Digital type

01

146

Cycloconverter
Converts

AC AC

Cycloconverter is a device which converts

fixed frequency ac voltage to variable
frequency variable magnitude ac voltage.
TYPE 1. Step up Cycloconverter (f0 > fs)
2. Step down Cycloconverter (f0 <
fs)
f0 = output frequency
fs = supply frequency

147

Circuit Diagram

148

Cycloconverter
Contd
In +ve half of supply voltage i.e. a is +ve w.r.t. o
and
b is ve w.r.t. o.
In this half TH1 and TH4 are FB, if TH1 is triggered
+ve o/p voltage appears across the output, if TH4 is
triggered -ve o/p voltage appears across the output.
In -ve half of supply a is -ve w.r.t. o and b is +ve
w.r.t. o, TH2 is FB and TH3 is FB.
If TH3 is triggered +ve voltage appear across o/p
and
TH2 is ON ve voltage appear across the o/p.
For step down Cycloconverter fo < fs & To > Ts
149

Cycloconverter Contd
Let to draw the waveform of f0 = (1/4)fs
TH1 & TH3 ON alternately for four half cycle and for
next four half cycle TH2 & TH4 ON alternately.
In the first cycle TH1 is ON at a firing angle
Vo = Vao appear across the output, at t = , TH1
OFF naturally due to R load as io = 0 at t = .
In next half cycle TH3 is FB triggered at an angle
Vo = Vbo, & the process repeats.
Here

To = 4Ts
1/fo = 4/fs
fo = fs/4 stepdown

150

Output Waveform

151

Procedure

Make the connections as shown in the circuit

diagram
with R load for f/2 frequency.
Connect the gate cathode terminals of the thyristors
to the respective points on the firing module.
Switch ON the unit.
Trace the output waveforms from CRO.
Vary the firing angle and note the AC output voltage
across the load.
Repeat the above procedure for frequency f/4 & f/8
152

Tabulation
Frequency
mode

Sl.
No.

Firin
g
Angl
e ()

f/2

Load
%
V
o
E
l
Theoreti r
t
cal
r
a
o
g
Load
r
e
Voltage
(Vo)

Frequency
mode
Load
V
o
l
Theoret
t
ical
a
g
Load
e
Voltage
(Vo)

f/4

%
E
r
r
o
r

Frequency
mode

f/8

Load
%
V
o
l
Theoreti E
t
cal
r
a
r
g
Load
o
e
Voltage
r
(Vo)

1.
2.
3.
4.
153

Calculation
To find out the theoretical value of load
voltage use the formula :
Calculate the firing angle using the formula
:
= (X/Y) 180
Calculate Vrms (load voltage) using the
formula :
Vrms = Vm/2[ {( )+ (sin2)/2 }]
= Vs/ [ {( )+
(sin2)/2
}]
End ..

154

THANK YOU
155