HOT WORKING PROCESSES

PRESENTED TO:
DR. TAHIR
PRESENTED BY:
E13-300 ASAD AHMED
E13-303- RANA HAMZA
E13-304 SHAAF AMJAD
E13-305 RAZI ULLAH
DEPARTMENT OF METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS
ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF THE PUNJAB

HOT WORKING
Hot working refers to processes where metals are plastically
deformed above their recrystallization temperature.
Being above the recrystallization temperature allows the
material to recrystallize during deformation. This is important
because recrystallization keeps the materials from strain
hardening.
This keeps the yield strength and hardness low and ductility
high.
Deformation energy requirements are less than for cold work.
The lower limit of the hot working temperature is determined
by its recrystallization temperature. The upper limit for hot
working is determined by excessive oxidation, grain growth,
undesirable phase transformation.

HOT WORKING PROCESSES

FOLLOWING ARE SOME OF THE FAMOUS HOT
WORKING PROCESSES
1. Rolling
2. Forging
3. Extrusion
4. Drawing

ROLLING
It is a metal forming process in which metal stock is passed
through one or more pairs of rolls to reduce the thickness.
commonly, hot working tooling is heated to 500850F (325
450C).
Rolling is classified according to the temperature of the metal rolled.
If
the
temperature
of
the
metal
is
above
the
recrystallization temperature, then the process is known as hot
rolling.
The principle of this process is that most metal rolling operations
are similar in that the work material is plastically deformed by
compressive forces between two constantly spinning rolls. These
forces act to reduce the thickness of the metal and affect its grain
structure. The reduction in thickness can be measured by the
difference in thickness before and after the reduction, this value is
called the draft.

WORKING

ADVANTAGES
Following are the advantages of metal rolling:
1. Required tools are inexpensive and can be manufactured fast.
2. Short manufacturing time and prompt delivery.
3. Excellent strength/weight ratio.
4. Relatively little waste.

FORGING
Metal forging is a metal forming process that involves
applying compressive forces to a work piece to deform it, and
create a desired geometric change to the material.
Metal forging, specifically, can strengthen the material by
sealing cracks and closing empty spaces within the metal.
The hot forging process will highly reduce or eliminate
inclusions in the forged part by breaking up impurities and
redistributing their material throughout the metal work.
Forging is often classified according to the temperature at
which it is performed: cold forging (a type of cold working),
warm forging, or hot forging (a type of hot working).

FORGING
All of the following forging processes can be performed at
various temperatures, however they are generally classified
by whether the metal temperature is above or below the
recrystallization temperature. If the temperature is above the
material's recrystallization temperature it is called hot
forging.
If the temperature is below the material's recrystallization
temperature but above 30% of the recrystallization
temperature (on an absolute scale) it is called as warm
forging; if below 30% of the recrystallization temperature
(usually room temperature) then it is called cold forging.

WORKING
force

die
A

blank

force

often at
elev. T

EXTRUSION
A bar of metal is forced through a die orifice by a
compressive force that is applied to a ram
The extruded piece that emerges has the desired shape and
a reduced cross-sectional area.
Extrusion products include rods and tubing, but shapes of
irregular cross-sections may be produced form the more
readily extrudable metals, like Al.
Extrusion is increasingly utilized in the working of metals
difficult to form, like stainless steels, Ni-based alloys, and
other high-temperature materials

WORKING

DRAWING
Drawing is the pulling of a metal piece through a die having
a tapered bore by means of a tensile force that is applied on
the exit side
Rod, wire and tubing products are commonly fabricated in
this way.
Wiredrawing usually starts with a coil of hot-rolled rod
Draw speeds vary from about 30 to 300 ft/min
In general, the term wire refers to small diameter products
under 5 mm that may be drawn rapidly on multiple-die
machines.

WORKING

REFERENCES
1. Hot Working Guide: A Compendium of Processing Maps
edited by Y. V. R. K. Prasad, S. Sasidhara.
2. Handbook of Workability and Process Design
edited by George E. Dieter, Howard A. Kuhn, S. Lee Semiatin.
3. Hot Deformation and Processing of Aluminum Alloys by
Hugh J. McQueen, Stefano Spigarelli, Michael E. Kassner,
Enrico Evangelista.
4. Materials Processing and Manufacturing Science
By Rajiv Asthana, Ashok Kumar, Narendra B. Dahotre. Page
no. 35.
5. slideshare.net
6. www.wikipedia.com