Emerging Trends in IT

Unit 3

Artificial Intelligence
Artificial intelligence(AI) is theintelligenceof machines
and the branch ofcomputer sciencethat aims to create it.
Banks use artificial intelligence systems to organize
operations, invest in stocks, and manage properties. In
August 2001, robots beat humans in a simulated
financial tradingcompetition.
Artificial neural networksare used as
clinical decision support systemsformedical diagnosis.
Robotshave become common in many industries. They are
often given jobs that are considered dangerous for humans
(e.g. nuclear reactors). Robots have proven effective in jobs
that are very repetitive which may lead to mistakes or
accidents due to a lapse in concentration, and other jobs
which humans may find degrading.

SMAC
Social, Mobility, Analytics, Cloud
Retailers are strategically deploying the SMAC
Stack across key business processes to combine
the best of virtual and physical retail shopping
experiences. Now a customers mobile device can
signal store management while theyre shopping.
Advanced analytics arm associates with the right
knowledge about that shopper so they can provide
more valuable assistance. And customers can
compare products, get information and redeem
targeted offers from the Cloud while in the store.

High Performance
Computing
HPC tasks are characterized as
needing large amounts of computing
power for short periods of time.
HPC environments are often
measured in terms of FLOPS (floating
point operations per second).
HPC systems tend to focus on tightly
coupled parallel jobs.

High Throughput Computing

Like HPC tasks, HTC tasks also
require large amounts of computing,
but for much longer times (months
and years, rather than hours and
days).
HTC systems focus on independent,
sequential jobs that can be
individually scheduled on many
different computing resources across
multiple administrative boundaries.

3D Printing
What is 3D Printing video
Part of McKinsey supply chain video

Wearable Devices
See video

Next-Gen Mobile Networks

The Next Generation Mobile Networks (NGMN) Alliance
presented end-to-end requirements for 5G at its NGMN
Forum meeting in June 2014.
The NGMN Alliance was founded by leading international
network operators in 2006. Its objective is to ensure that
the functionality and performance of next generation
mobile network infrastructure, service platforms and
devices will meet the requirements of operators and,
ultimately, will satisfy end user demand and expectations.
The NGMN Alliance will drive and guide the development
of all future mobile broadband technology enhancements
with a focus on 5G.
White Paper is expected.

Web of Things
The Web of Things (or WoT) is a concept and plan to
fully incorporate every-day physical objects into the
World Wide Web by giving them an API, thus greatly
facilitating the creation of their virtual profiles as well as
their integration and reuse for various applications.
The Web of Things is primarily an evolution of the
Internet of Things where the primary concern has been
how to connect objects together at the network layer:
similar to the way the Internet addressed the lower-level
connectivity of computers (layers 3-4 of the OSI model),
the Internet of Things is primarily focusing on using
various technologies such as RFID, Bluetooth.

NaaS
Network as a service (NaaS)
describes services for network
transport connectivity. NaaS involves
the optimization of resource
allocations by considering network
and computing resources as a unified
whole.

Limitations of the current

Internet
Bandwidth limitations slow peak-hour service, and
a limited ability to handle high volumes of video and
voice traffic
Network architecture limitations TV program is
broadcast once to millions of homes; thousand
requests for a single music track from a central
server will result in a thousand efforts by the server
to download the music to each requesting client
Language development limitations HTML, the
language of Web pages, is fine for text and simple
graphics, but poor at defining and communicating
rich documents, such as databases or graphics

Internet2 Project
The three primary goals of Internet2
are to:
Create a leading-edge very high-speed
network capability for the US national
research community
Enable revolutionary Internet
applications
Ensure the rapid transfer of new
network services and applications to the
broader Internet community

Benefits of Internet2
technologies
IP multicasting
Initially sends just one message and
does not copy it to the individual
recipients until it reaches the closest
common point on the network, thereby
minimizing the bandwidth consumed

Differentiated quality of service e.g.

video conference packets receive
much higher priority than e-mail
messages

IP Multicasting
Figure 3.16, Page 162

SOURCE: Adapted from Internet2.edu,

2000; Cisco Systems, 2007.
Copyright 2007
Pearson Education, Inc.

Slide 3-14

Who governs the Internet?

Internet Architecture Board (IAB), which helps
define the overall structure of the Internet.
Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and
Numbers (ICANN), which assigns IP addresses,
and the Internet Network Information Center
(InterNIC), which assigns domain names.
World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), a largely
academic group that sets HTML and other
programming standards for the Web.
International Telecommunications Union (ITU),
which helps set technical standards.

Industry Associations in
India
W.r.t. Internet
Internetand MobileAssociation of India(IAMAI)
IAMAI is the only specialized industry body in India
representing the interests of online and mobile value
added services industry.

Internet Service Providers Association of India

(ISPAI)
ISPAI is the collective voice of the ISP fraternity and by
extension the entire Internet community. Over the years
ISPAI has helped influence, shape and mould the telecom
policies, so that ISPs and entrepreneurs in the business of
Internet can setup and grow their services in an
environment that is supportive and enabling.