ENERGIZER

Ive got spirit in my head

that is keeping me alive
keeping me alive (2x)
Ive got spirit in my head
Keeping me alive
Jesus is keeping me alive
Lalalalalala, lalalala-la
Lalalala, lalalala
Lalalalala
(repeat; other parts of the body)

INRODUCTION

The integumentary system is made

up of the skin, hair, nails, sebaceous
glands, ceruminous or wax glands in
the ear canal, and sweat glands.
The skin is waterproof, it protects us
from ultraviolet radiation, and
through sweating it dissipates water
and helps regulate body
temperature.

FUNCTIONS:

Thermoregulation: The thermoregulation of the skin is

carried out with the help of evaporation of the sweat and
regulation of the blood flow to the dermis.
Sensations: The cutaneous sensations like touch,
pressure, vibration, pain, cold, hot, etc, are felt by the
skin.
Protection: The protective barrier of the skin helps
prevent diseases, infections, dehydration, etc.
Production of Vitamin D: The precursor present in the
skin and UV rays, helps in the production of vitamin D, an
important nutrient of the body.
Healing: When the epidermis breaks away due to a
minor cut or burn, the cells on the lower layers of the
skin migrate upwards as a sheet. When two ends of the
sheet meet, the cells stop growing due to a process
called 'contact inhibition'. Thus, the epidermis is sealed
and the skin returns to normal.

The largest organ of the body.

Varies in thickness from 1/50 inch (0.5
mm) in the eyelids to 1/4 inch (6.3 mm)
in the soles of the feet.
Changes in the skin often indicate the
presence of other body system
disorders including anemia, respiratory
disorders, liver disorders, cancer, and
shock .

EPIDERMIS
1. The epidermis is composed of
stratified, squamous, keratinized
epithelium.
2. As cells move up to the surface of
the epidermis they lose water, and
their nuclei and change chemically,
process called keratinization.

Stratum Corneum or horny layer

1. It consists of dead cells converted to
protein keratinized cells that constantly
are being shed.
2. It is a barrier to light and heat waves,
most chemical and microorganisms.
Stratum Lucidum or clear layer
1. This layer is only one or two flat and
transparent layers of cells thick. It is
difficult to see.

Stratum Granulosum or granular layer

1.

This layer is two or three layers of cells

very active in keratinization.

The Stratum Spinosum or spiny layer

This layer consists of several layers of
spiny shape polyhedron-like cells.
2. The interlocking cellular bridges or
desmosomes are found in this layer.
1.

Stratum Germinativum
This layer rests on the basement membrane. Its
lowermost layer of cells is called stratum basale.
2. This layer is the layer that produces new
epidermal cells by mitosis.
3. Melanocytes of this layer produce melanin. This
pigment is responsible for skin color and
protection from the harmful UV rays of the sun.
4. Dark-skinned individuals have more active
melanocytes.
5. Albinism is a genetic condition that results in the
absence of melanin.
1.

Dermis
1. Blood and lymph vessels, nerves, muscles, glands,
and hair follicles are found in the dermis.
2. It is divided into portion: the papillary potion
below the epidermis and the reticular portion
above the subcutaneous tissue.
3. The dermis is also called the corium or true skin
and is composed of dense connective tissue.
4. The subcutaneous tissue can be called the
hypodermis.

The Appendages of
the
Skin
Hair
1.

2.

3.
4.

Hair covers the entire body except the

palms of the hands, the soles of the feet,
and parts of the external genitalia.
Each individual hair is made of three parts:
the outer cuticle, the cortex, which is the
principle portion of pigment granules, and
the inner medulla with air spaces.
The visible portion of a hair is called the
shaft.
The root of a hair is in a hair follicle.

Hair Growth
1.

2.

Hair growth begins with the cells deep in the hair follicle
at the hair bulb growing by mitosis and nourished by
blood vessels.
Hair grows in cycles and rests between cycles.

Nails
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

A nail is a modification of epidermal cells made of very

hard keratin.
The lunula is the white crescent at the proximal end of a
nail caused by air mixed with the keratin.
The nail body is the visible portion of a nail. The nail root
is the part covered by skin.
The nail grows from the nail bed.
The cuticle is stratum corneum that extends over the nail
body.

Hair Color
1.
2.
3.
4.

Hair color is determined by complex genetic factors.

Gray hair occurs when pigment is absent in the
cortex.
White hair results from both the absence of pigment
and air bubbles in the shaft.
Heredity and other unknown factors cause hair turn
to gray.

Hair Texture
1.
2.

Hair texture can be classified as straight, curly, or

tightly curly and is due to genetic factors.
Hairs in the alpha keratin chain is elastic; when
stretch it is in beta keratin chain.

Two Main Types Of

Glands In The Skin
Function is to help regulate the
body temperature and excrete
body wastes

Sudoriferous glands (sweat)

Sweat glands are most numerous in the

palms of our hands and in the soles of our
feet.
The secretory, blind tube portion, of a sweat
gland is in the subcutaneous tissue. The
excretory portion goes through the dermis to
the surface.
The odor of sweat is produced by the action
of bacteria feeding on the sweet.
Sweat is an important physiologic process
that helps cool the body.

Principal Types of Sudoriferous

Glands

Apocrine sweat glands (AP-oh-krin): Sweat

glands located primarily in the armpit and
genital areas

Ceruminous: Are modified apocrine glands

found in the lining of the external acoustic
meatus that produce cerumen (ear wax).

Eccrine sweat glands (ECK-rin): Body's most

numerous sweat glands, which produce watery
sweat to maintain normal body temperature

Mammary: Are specialized sweat glands found

in females that secrete milk.

Sebaceous glands (oil)

Sebaceous glands (oil glands) are all over the

body except on the palms of hands and soles of
feet. The glands empty via ducts into the bases
of hair follicles and secrete sebum (a mixture of
fats, waxes, and hydrocarbons). Sebum keeps
hair moist and prevents skin from drying.
Sebaceous glands are numerous on the face and
scalp. During puberty, increased sex hormone
levels in the blood may produce excessive
sebum. This over secretion plugs the gland and
hair follicle, producing a skin disorder called
acne.

Ringworm
Is caused by several species of fungus. Its
symptoms include itchy patchy scale-like lesions
with raised edges. Ringworm on the feet is called
athletes foot; in the groin area is called jock itch.
Ringworm of the scalp is called tinea capitus and is
most common in children. If untreated it can lead to
hair loss and secondary bacterial infections.
Psoriasis
It is characterized by red patches covered with
thick, dry, and silvery scales that develop from
excessive production of epithelial cells. These
patches can develop anywhere in the body.when the
scales are scraped away bleeding usually results.

Warts
Caused by papillomavirus. The virus causes
uncontrolled growth of epidermal tissue. The virus is
transmitted by direct contract with an infected
individual. The growth are usually begin and
disappear spontaneously. They can be removed
surgically or with topical application.

Cold sores
Also known as fever blisters, are caused by herpes
simplex virus. Initial infections show no symptoms
but the virus can remain dormant in the skin around
the mouth and in the mucous membrane of the
mouth. When activated it produces small, fluid-filled
blisters that can be both painful and irritating.
Stress seems to activate the virus.

Impetigo
A highly contagios skin disease caused by bacterium Staphylococcus
aureus. The skin erupts with small blisters containing pus that rupture
easily producing a honey color crust. The blisters usually develop on
the face and can spread.the bacteria are spread by direct contact and
enter the skin through abbrasions. Treatment includes cleansing with
antibacterial soaps and antibiotics.
Shingles
Caused by the herpes zoster or chicken pox virus that develops after
the childhood infection. The virus remain dormant within cranial or
spinal nerves. Trauma or stress somehow activates the virus to travel
through the nerve paths to the skin where it produces very painful,
vesicular skin eruptions. Treatment is symptomatic with lotions to
relieve itching and analgesics to control pain.
Vitiligo
An acquired skin disease resulting in irregular patches of skin of
various sizes completely lacking in any pigmentation. The
depigmented white patches are often located on exposed areas of
skin.

How to Keep the Integumentary

System Healthy
Step 1

Bathe every day and wash your hands regularly. Keep

your skin and nails clean to prevent infections. Avoid
using harsh soaps, hair treatments and other
irritating chemicals, as they will cause excessive
dryness. Water that's too hot will have the same
effect, so use warm water in the shower or bath. Cut
your fingernails and toenails straight across after
bathing to avoid hangnails.
Step 2
Apply sunscreen before you spend time outdoors.
Choose a formula that protects against both UVA and
UVB radiation and has an SPF of 15 or higher. Over
time, too much sun exposure contributes to wrinkles,
skin cancer, freckles, aging and dilated blood vessels.
Avoid using tanning beds because they are also
damaging to your skin.

Step 3
Eat a healthy well-balanced diet. Foods that are
rich in antioxidants are good for your skin,
according to Georgia Health Info, but
consuming a lot of meat can contribute to
wrinkles. Eat a variety of fruits, vegetables,
nuts and fish. Remember to stay hydrated by
drinking plenty of water.
Step 4
Examine your entire body on a regular basis.
Check for abnormal growths, signs of skin
cancer, and anything else that looks out of the
ordinary in your skin. See a dermatologist right
away if you have an unusual sore that isn't
healing properly. You should also consult a
doctor about a mole that is larger than 1/4 of

Step 5
Avoid wearing things that are too tight
on your body. Pick shoes that fit your
feet properly, because a tight fit can
cause ingrown toenails that become
painful and infected. Clothes and
jewelry that are too constricting may
interfere with blood circulation. Don't
put rubber bands in your hair too
tightly, or they will break individual
strands of hair.
Step 6
Don't smoke cigarettes. Smoking causes
wrinkles and ages your skin. It
constricts blood vessels, which prevents
your integumentary system from getting
the nutrients it needs in order to be
healthy.