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February 8, 2012
Extra class
5.30 pm 7.00 pm
Cross section Properties
Classification
Moment rotation behaviour
Cross section properties used in design
Buckling parameter, u
Torsional index, x
Warping constant, H
Torsional constant , J
These properties are given in standard tables or can be
calculated using formulae given in BS 5950 part 1
12
12
Radiusofgyration
Ix
A
Radiusofgyration
Modulusof sec tion, Zz
Symmetrical I section
Iz
A
Iz
D / 2
Iy
B / 2
Problem
612
11.9 mm
Solution:
The properties of the UB are available in tables and are shown above.
Because of the symmetry of the section the centroid of the plated UB
Design of steel structures
Is at the web centre.
The properties Ix and Zx are elastic properties i.e. the whole section is effective
I welded sec tion IUB 2 I plate Areaofplat e dis tan cefromCG platetoCGUB
Ix
2184 10 6
Zx
fy
fy
M= X Zxx
Me=Py x Zxx
fy
Mp=Py x Sxx
Derivation:
Plastic Moment = Py x area in compression x d/2
= Py x area in tension x d/2
= Py ( area in compression x d/4 +area in tension x d/4)
= Py x algebraic sum of first moments of area about equal area axis
Design of steel structures
, where
10
Elastic properties
MomentOfInertia
bd 3 10 5003
104166666.7mm 4
12
12
ElasticSectionModulus
I xx
104166666.7
416666.67 mm 3
D
500
2
2
500 500
PlasticModulus 2 10
625000mm 3
2
4
ShapeFactor
S xx
625000
1.5
Z xx 416666.67
11
S xx 3680
1.143
Z xx 3220
The value of shape factor for most I-sections is about 1.15
12
Types of elements
Two distinct types of elements
Outstand element elements attached to adjacent
element at one edge only , the other end being free
Internal elements elements attached to other elements
at both longitudinal edges
Outstand elements
Internal elements
13
More example
Outstand elements
Internal
elements
14
Local Buckling
The outstand element (flange) of an I beam will buckle
prematurely) if it is too thin
Webs also will buckle under compressive stresses from
bending and shear
To prevent local buckling from occurring it is necessary
to limit their outstand/thickness ratios for flanges and
depth /thickness ratios for webs
15
When the plate buckles, the whole width or area is not effective
The effective width limitation under different conditions are given in
the code.
The effective area is calculated based on the effective widths
multiplied by thicknesses
Effective moment of inertia is moment of inertia calculated using the
effective areas
Effective section modulus is determined from Effective moment of
inertia divided by extreme fibre distance from Neutral axis
16
Section classification
Clause 5.5.2 BS EN 1993-1-1:2005 classifies the
compression elements of structural members into 4
categories depending upon their resistance to local
buckling effects, which may affect their load carrying
capacity.
The compression may be due to direct axial force ,
bending moment or a combination of both
Cross sections are classified as
17
Classification
The role of cross section classification is to identify the
extent to which the resistance and rotation capacity of
cross sections is limited by its local buckling resistance
The class (refers to Class 1,2,3,4) of cross section is
determined based on the c/t values of the compression
parts compared to the limits given in table 5.2 of Code.
18
19
20
235
f
y
0.5
21
Class 1 cross sections: Cross-sections which can form a plastic hinge with rotation capacity
required for plastic analysis. Elements subject to compression that meet the limits for class 1
given in Table 5.2 should be classified as class 1 plastic.
Class 2 compact: Cross-sections which can develop their plastic moment resistance, but have
limited rotation capacity because of local buckling. Elements subject to compression that meet
the limits for class 2 given in Table 5.2 should be classified as class 2 compact.
Class 3 semi-compact: Cross-sections in which the stress at the extreme compression fibre can
reach the yield strength, but the plastic moment capacity cannot be developed due to local
buckling. Elements subject to compression that meet the limits for class 3 given in Table 5.2
should be classified as class 3 semi-compact.
Class 4 slender: Cross-sections in which local buckling will occur before attainment of yield stress
in one or more parts of the cross section. It is necessary to make explicit allowance for the
effects of local buckling. Elements subject to compression that do not meet the limits for class 3
semi-compact given in Table 5.2 should be classified as class 4 slender.
22
Me
Moment M
Class 4
rotation
Design of steel structures
23
fy
M= X Zxx
Class 4 Slender
Figure a
fy
Me=fy x Zxx
Class 3 Semi compact
Figure b
fy
Mp=fy x Sxx
Class 2 Compact
Class 1 Plastic
Figure c
24
Descriptions
25
Example 1
Determine the classification for section 356 x
127 UB 33 Grade 275 subject bending
Sx = 539.8 cm3, Ixx = 8200cm4, B = 125.4 mm, D
= 348.5 mm t = 5.9 mm T = 8.5mm, r = 10.2
mm (figure next slide)
Table 5.2 is to be used.
235
f
y
0.5
235
275
0.5
0.924
26
Cf/tf=(125.4-5.9-2x10.2)/(2x8.5)=5.83
3
d/t = 311.1/5.9 =52.7<80note d=D-2T-2r
27
Compression
Flange
Actual
Cf/tf= 5.83
Web
d/t = 52.7<66.5
since it is
beam, the NA is
at mid depth..
Limits
c/t9
9x0.924=8.32
.element is
plastic
Limits c/t72
72x0.924=66.5
web is
plastic.
28
Flange
r
WEB
Major axis or y axis
D
29
30
31
32
The net area of a cross-section = gross area minus appropriate areas for
all holes and other openings.
If the fastener holes are not staggered, then total area to be deducted
shall be the maximum sum of the sectional areas of the holes in any
cross-section perpendicular to the member axis (perpendicular to the
direction of the applied stress in the member.
Diameter of bolt =d
d d 2mm
33
34
s1
s1
s1
S is staggered pitch
G is the gauge
g1
T is the thickness
g1
g1
35
1
2
s pm 4s g d
36
37
Case 1
d
d
Area to be deducted = 2x dt
t
Case 2
s
d
s2
areadeduct ed 3 d t
t
4g
'
38
s
d
ns 2t
areadeduct ed 4 d t
4g
'
Find the maximum area to be deducted from above three cases. This will
produce the minimum area and therefore the critical section
Where s and g are different , different expressions have to be written
Net area, an = Gross area deductions for holes
39
55 mm 80 mm
55mm
180mm wide
x
10 mm thick
plate
40 mm
50 mm
40 mm
40
Calculation
41
Case 1
80 mm
1
55 mm 80 mm
2
55mm
4
40 mm
50 mm
40 mm
42
Case 2
s
d
s 2t
areadeducted 3 d t
4g
'
s2
t
areadeducted 3 d
4
Areadeducted effectivewidth t
552 10
areadeducted 3 18 10
540 189 351mm 2
4 40
Note here that there are many failure paths similar to this as shown in next figure
Design of steel structures
43
Case 2
Case 2
44
Case 3:
2 552 10 1 552 10
areadeducted 4 18 10
190.62mm 2
4 40
4 50
S is same for all slant failure lines.
G is 40 for outer lines and 50 for inner line.
Case one is the most severe. Since highest deuction occurs for this
Case one 360 mm2; case two 351 mm2 and case 3 190.62 mm2
NET AREA = GROSS AREA DEDUCTION
= 180 X 10 360 =1440 MM2.
Design of steel structures
45
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