Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Japanese
Japanese children clean their schools
every day along with their teachers
Japanese students from the first to
sixth primary years must learn
ethics in dealing with people
Japanese do not have servants
Benchmark
Very punctual
Rate of delayed trains is 7 seconds annually
No cell phone use indoors, in trains and
restaurants
Students at school take half an hour to eat
food & brush their teeth after meal at
school
Benchmark
In schools, colleges, universities, all
students up to PhD scholars, and staff in
organizations, every one is required to
present his/her work, effort, assignments,
etc. as power point presentations.
It is impossible that when a teacher enters
the classroom, a student comes after that
Does not have any natural resources and is
the second best economy of the world.
Reason?
Some Literature/Books on
Air Pollution (First
Installment)
1. A historical Review of Atmospheric
Pollution
WHO Monograph Series No. 46, Geneva
2. Toxicology of Fossil Fuel Combustion
Products by Simmons, Vol. I and II
3. Health Effects of Outdoor Air Pollution
Bascomb
4. The Clean Air Act of USA
Cont.Literature
5. Air Pollution Control Philosophies by Pollut
6. Air pollution Meteorology and Dispersion by
Arya
7. Handbook on Atmospheric Diffusion by
Hanna
8. Estimating Costs of Air Pollution Control by
Vatavuk
9. Combustion, Flames and explosions of
Gases by Lewis
ContLiterature
10. Highly dispersed aerosols by Fuchs
11. Pulmonary Deposition and
Retention of Inhaled aerosols by Hatch
` 12. Electrostatic Precipitator Handbook
by Lloyd
13. Gas Purification by Kohl
14. Bio-filtration for Air Pollution
Control by Divinny
Cont. Literature
15. The Primary Air Pollutants by Urone
16. Perrys Chemical Engineers Handbook for Mass
Transfer and Gas Absorption
` 17. Preliminary Economic Analysis of Sulfur dioxide
Abatement Technologies by Agarwal
18. Spray Drying Handbook by Masters
19. Introduction to Chemical Engineering
Thermodynamics by Smith, Ch. 15
20. Emissions from Combustion Engines and their
Control by Patterson
Class Exercise 1:
Based on your current knowledge,
observation and experience, describe
the issue of sources of Air Pollution
and its effects, and propose solutions
that come to your mind.
Historical Background
Cont... Historical
Background
The sources of air pollution are both natural and man made. As one
might expect, humans have been producing increasing amounts of
pollution as time has progressed, and they now account for the
majority of pollutants released into the air.
Some areas suffer more than others from air pollution. Cities with
large numbers of automobiles or those that use great quantities of
coal often suffer most severely from problems of air pollution.
Vehicles
Garbage
Burning
Bio-mass Burning
Industry
Natural Dust
Brick Kilns
Domestic
Burning
Stone
Crushers
Vehicular Pollution
Carbon Monoxide, Nitrogen Oxides, Smoke, Dust,
Hydrocarbons, etc. are the main components of
vehicular emissions poured into the urban air.
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Biomass Burning
Using biomass as a fuel produces air pollution in the
form of carbon monoxide, NOx (nitrogen oxides), VOCs
(volatile organic compounds like benzene, toluene, ethyl
benzene, xylene, etc.), particulates, ground level ozone
(bad ozone) and other pollutants.
Black carbon is a pollutant created by incomplete
combustion of fossil fuels, bio-fuels, and biomass which
is, possibly the second largest contributor to global
warming.
Natural Dust
Domestic Activities
Domestic burning of fuel i.e. wood, animal dung
especially in rural areas also contributes to air pollution.
The burning of garbage, straw and other things for
domestic use produce air pollution which is often a
cause for some health problems.
Dust arising from small scale domestic activities also
contributes to overall air pollution in the urban areas. In
city centers numerous outside food stalls and
restaurants also cause local air pollution due to frying
meat in oil and roasting on charcoal fires.
Industrial Emissions
In KPK there are about 1500 industrial units which include 305
Chips and Stone Crushers and 450 Brick Kilns.
The industrial units in KPK are scattered over a vast stretch of the
province with greater concentration in and around the cities of
Peshawar, Haripur, Charsadda, Nowshera and Gadoon Amazai.
Garbage Disposal
In most of the world, including Pakistan, the two ways of
dispensing with ordinary garbage are burn it or bury it.
Neither one is good for us or for the environment.
Burning garbage releases dangerous gases and dust
(particulate matter) which contribute to global warming
and pollute lakes, forests, oceans and cities.
Burying garbage also causes both air and water
pollution, and simply transporting it to the sites
consumes an increasing amount of valuable fossil fuels,
which produces more pollution.
Particulate control
Mechanical dust collectors
Electrostatic precipitators
An electrostatic precipitator (ESP), or electrostatic air
cleaner is a particulate collection device that removes
particles from a flowing gas (such as air) using the force of
an induced electrostatic charge. Electrostatic precipitators
are highly efficient filtration devices that minimally impede
the flow of gases through the device, and can easily
remove fine particulate matter such as dust and smoke
from the air stream.
POLLUTION CONTROL
Particulate scrubbers
Wet scrubber is a form of pollution control technology.
The term describes a variety of devices that use
pollutants from a furnace flue gas or from other gas
streams. In a wet scrubber, the polluted gas stream is
brought into contact with the scrubbing liquid, by spraying
it with the liquid, by forcing it through a pool of liquid, or
by some other contact method, so as to remove the
pollutants.
NOx control
VOC abatement
EPA has other local and foreign partners some of which are,
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