CORONARY ARTERY

DISEASE
ANGINA Pectoris
MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (MI)
Presenter
Hina Karim
NES Instructor

Objectives

Coronary Artery Diseases

Angina

Types
Mechanism
Causes
Clinical manifestation
Complication
Nursing care

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Coronary Artery Disease

Definition:

CAD is a term that refers to the effect of the

accumulation of atherosclerosis plaque in the coronary
arteries that obstructs blood flow to the myocardium

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Cont.

conditions result from CAD

1. Angina Pectoris
2. Myocardial Infarction

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Angina Pectoris
Definition:

Angina:
Choking or suffocation.
Pectoris:
Chest.
Angina pectoris, is the medical term
used to describe acute chest pain or
discomfort.
Angina occurs when the hearts need for
oxygen increases beyond the level of
oxygen available from the blood
nourishing the heart.
It has 3 types
Stable Angina
Un stable angina &
Variant Angina (Prinzmetals or resting
angina) :
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Cont.

Types of Angina

Stable angina:

People with stable angina have

episodes of chest discomfort
that are usually
predictable.That occur on
exertion or under mental or
emotional stress.
Normally the chest discomfort
is relieved with rest,
nitroglycerin (GTN) or both.
It has a stable pattern of
onset, duration and intensity
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Cont.

Unstable angina:

It is triggered by an un
predictable degree of
exertion or emotion.
(progressive), more
severe than stable.
Characterized by
increasing frequency &
severity. Provoked by less
than usual effort,
occurring at rest &
interferes with pt
lifestyle.

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Cont.

Variant Angina
(Prinzmetals or resting
angina) :

occur spontaneously with no

relationship to activity.
Occurs at rest due to spasm.
Pt discomfort that occurs
rest usually of longer
duration. Appears to by
cyclic & often occurs at
about the same time each
day (usually at night).
Thought to be caused by
coronary artery spasm
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Mechanism Of Angina

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Causes

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Coronary atherosclerosis (atheroma )

Factors increasing preload :
Hyperthyroidism
Exercise
Anemia
Factors increasing after load:
Hypertension
Aortic stenosis
Obstructive cardio myopathy
Coronary artery spasm
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Clinical Manifestations

Characteristics: Squeezing, burning, pressing,

choking, or bursting pressure.
Onset:
Quickly or slowly
Location:
Chest, right or left arms,
shoulder, or neck, jaw.
Duration:
Less then 5 minutes.
Associated: Dyspnea, Sweating, faintness,
palpitation, dizziness ect.
Relieving:
GTN and rest.
Aggravating: exertion, exercise, heavy meal,
emotional upset, and anger.

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Investigations

Electrocardiogram ( ECG)
Coronary angiography
Exercise Electrocardiogram (Stress test).

Complications:

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Myocardial infarction
Cardiac Arrhythmias

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Myocardium Infarction

Myo means muscle, Cardiac

heart, infarction means death
of tissues due to lack of blood
supply.

It is also called heart attack.

It occurs when coronary
arteries become blocked and
the part of myocardial
muscles become dead due to
prolonged lack of oxygen
supply to the muscle cells.

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PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Coronary artery cannot supply enough blood to the
heart in response to the demand due to CAD
Within 10 seconds myocardial cells experience ischemia
Ischemic cells cannot get enough oxygen or glucose
Ischemic myocardial cells may have decreased
electrical & muscular function
Cells convert to anaerobic metabolism.
Cells produce lactic acid as waste
Pain develops from lactic acid accumulation
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Pt feels anginal symptoms

until receiving demand
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increase 02 requirements
of myocardial cells

ECG changes in Angina & MI

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Zone of Ischemia: T wave inversion

Zone of Injury: ST elevation
Zone of Necrosis: Abnormal Q wave

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Sign and Symptom

Classic symptom of heart attack

are chest pain radiating to neck,
jaws, back of shoulder, or left arm
The pain can be felt like:
Squeezing or heavy pressure
A tight band on the chest
An elephant sitting on the chest

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Cont

Other symptoms include:

Shortness of breath
(SOB)
Weakness and
tiredness
Anxiety
Lightheadedness
Dizziness
Nausea vomiting
Sweating, which may be
profuse
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Collaborative Management

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Assessment:
History
Clinical manifestation
Cardiovascular assessment
Laboratory assessment
Troponin T & I
CK-MB

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Radiographic Assessment
ECG
Stress Test
Myocardial perfusion imaging
MRI
Cardiac Catheterization

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IMPORTANT INFORMATION TO
REMEMBER

Increase supply of
Oxygen

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Decreasing the demand of

Oxygen:
Stop activity and lie down
(CBR)
Take Tab. Angisid sublingually
and wait till it dissolves.
If pain continues take up to 03
Tab. Angisid one every five
minutes. If pain is not relieved
yet take another tab. and rush to
EMERGENCY services.

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IMMEDIATE MANAGEMENT OF MI:

GOALS:
To prolong life.
Minimize infarct size.
Reverse ischemia.
Reduce cardiac work.
Prevent and treat complications.
A) INITIAL TREATMENT:
Rapid triage.
OMI (oxygen, monitor and I/V line).
Check vital signs and O2 saturation.
ECG within 10 minutes and repeat ECG.
Blood samples for enymes, CBC, lytes, and lipid
profile.
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Intervention
Medication:
Morphine Sulphate
Nitrates (GTN)
Beta blockers
Calcium Channel Blocker
Anti platelets / Anti coagulant
Thrombolytic therapy

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Surgical management

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PTCA (Percutaneous
Transluminal Coronary
Angioplasty

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Coronary Artery Bypass Graft surgery

(CABG)

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Nursing Diagnosis

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Acute pain R/T imbalance between myocardial

oxygen supply and demand
Ineffective tissue perfusion R/T interruption of
arterial blood flow
Ineffective coping R/T effects of acute illness and
major changes in life style
Impaired gas exchange related to ineffective
breathing pattern and decreased systemic tissue
perfusion.
Anxiety related to present status and unknown
future, possible lifestyle changes, pain, and
perceived threat of death.
Activity intolerance related to fatigue
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Prevention

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Recognize the symptoms

Reduce your risk factors:
Lose weight
Quit Smoking
Keep your cholesterol at a normal level.
Keep your blood pressure under control.
Use techniques to ease stress.
Control blood sugar level.
Eat Right
REGULER EXERCISE
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COMPLICATIONS OF MI:

Arrhythmias
Atrial

arrhythmias.
Ventricular arrhythmias.
Bradycardia and heart block.
Asystol.

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Hypertension.
LV failure.
Cardiogenic shock.
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CARDIAC REHABILITATION:
Cardiac rehabilitation provides a venue for
continued education, re-enforcement of lifestyle
modification, and adherence to a comprehensive
prescription of therapies for recovery from MI,
which includes exercise training

Goals of Rehabilitation program:

Develop

a program for progressive physical

activity
Lives as full, vital and productive life
Remain within the limits of the hearts ability to
respond to increases in activity and stress.

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FOLLOW UP

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