endocrine system

 The endocrine system is made up of a

series of ductless glands
 Glands located in many regions of the
body release into the bloodstream specific
chemical messengers called hormones.
 A number of glands that signal each other
in sequence is usually referred to as an
axis, for example, the
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.
Typical endocrine glands are the pituitary,
thyroid, and adrenal glands.
 The endocrine system is an information
signal system much like the
nervous system.
 However, the nervous system uses
nerves to conduct information,
 whereas the endocrine system mainly
uses blood vessels as information
channels.
 Features of endocrine glands are, in
general, their ductless nature, their
vascularity, and usually the presence of
intracellular vacuoles or granules storing
their hormones.
 In contrast, exocrine glands, such as
salivary glands, sweat glands, and glands
within the gastrointestinal tract, tend to be
much less vascular and have ducts or a
hollow lumen.
 Hormones
 The endocrine system is a system of small organs

that involve the release of extracellular signaling

molecules known as hormones.
 The endocrine system is made up of a series of

ductless glands that produce chemical

messages called hormones
 Classification Of Harmones

I] Lipid Based: II] peptide

 Steroids- Adrenaline
• Glucocorticoids Nor adrenaline
• Mineralocorticoids
• Thyroid harmones
 Function


Hormones regulate many functions of
an organism, including
• metabolism,
• growth,
• development and puberty, and
• tissue function and also plays a part in
determining mood
 Types of signaling

 The typical mode of cell signaling in the endocrine

system is endocrine signaling. However, there are
also other modes,
i.e.
 paracrine,

 autocrine, and

 neuroendocrine signaling.

(Purely neurocrine signaling between neurons,

on the other hand, belongs completely to the
nervous system.)
 Autocrine signalling
 Other signaling can target the same cell.
 Paracrine signalling
 Paracrine signaling is where the target cell
is nearby.
 Juxtacrine signalling
Juxtacrine signals are transmitted along cell
membranes via protein or lipid components
integral to the membrane and are capable of
affecting either the emitting cell or cells
immediately adjacent.
 endocrine glands and secreted hormones
Hypothalamus

Secreted Abbreviation From cells Effect

Hormone

TRH
Thyro-tropin-releasing Parvocellular Release
hormone neurosecretory thyroid-stimulating hormone
neurons from anterior pituitary
(primarily)
Stimulate prolactin release
from anterior pituitary.

Gonadotropin GnRH Neuroendocine Release of FSH and LH

-releasing hormone cells of the from anterior pituitary.
Preoptic area
Secreted Hormone Abbreviation From cells Effect

GHRH hormoneNeuroendocrine
Growth hormone-releasing Release GH from
neurons of the anterior pituitary
Arcuate nucleus

Corticotropin CRH Parvocellular Release ACTH

-releasing hormone neurosecretory from
neurons anterior pituitary

Oxytocin Magnocellular Contraction of

neurosecretory cellscervix and vagina
Involved in orgasm,
release breast milk
Vasopressin ADH or AVP Parvocellular Increases
neurosecretory permeability of
neurons distal convoluted
tubule and
collecting duct to
water in the
nephrons of the
kidney, thus
increasing water
reabsorbtion.

Somatostatin, also SS or GHIH Neuroendocrine Inhibit release of

growth hormone- cells of the GH and TSH from
inhibiting Periventricular anterior pituitary
hormone nucleus
Secreted Hormone Abbreviati From cells Effect
on

Prolactin PIH or DA Dopamine neurons of

Inhibit
the release of
inhibiting hormone or Dopaminearcuate nucleus prolactin and TSH
from
anterior pituitary
Prolactin PRH Prolactin
-releasing hormone -releasing
hormone
PRHRelease
prolactin from
anterior pituitary[
edit] Pineal body
(epiphysis)
Pineal body (epiphysis)

Secreted Abbreviation From cells Effect

Hormone

Melatonin Pinealocytes antioxidant and causes

(Primarily) drowsiness
Anterior pituitary lobe (adenohypophysis)

Growth hormone GH Somatotropes stimulates growth and cell

reproduction
Release
Insulin-like growth factor 1 from
liver
Prolactin PRL Lactotropes milk production in
mammary glands
sexual gratification after
sexual acts
Secreted Hormone Abbreviation From cells Effect

Adrenocorticotropic
ACTH Corticotropes synthesis of
hormone or corticosteroids (
corticotropin glucocorticoids and
androgens) in
adrenocortical cells

Lipotropin Corticotropes lipolysis and

steroidogenesis,
stimulates
melanocytes to
produce melanin

Thyroid-stimulatingTSH
hormone Thyrotropes stimulates
or thyrotropin thyroid gland to
secrete thyroxine (T4)
and triiodothyronine
(T3)
Secreted Abbreviation From cells Effect
Hormone

FSH hormone
Follicle-stimulating FSH In male: spermatogenesis,
enhances production of
androgen-binding protein by
the Sertoli cells of the testes
In female: stimulates
maturation of Graafian follicles
in ovary.

Lipotropin Corticotropes lipolysis and steroidogenesis,

stimulates melanocytes to
produce melanin

TSH hormone
Thyroid-stimulating Thyrotropes stimulates thyroid gland to
or secrete thyroxine (T4) and
thyrotropin triiodothyronine (T3)
Secreted Abbreviation From cells Effect
Hormone

Follicle-stimulating
FSH hormoneGonadotropes In female:
stimulates maturation
of Graafian follicles in
ovary.
In male:
spermatogenesis,
enhances production
of androgen-binding
protein by the Sertoli
cells of the testes

Luteinizing LH Gonadotropes
In female: ovulation
hormone In male: stimulates
Leydig cell production
of testosterone
 Posterior pituitary lobe (neurohypophysis)
Oxytocin and anti-diuretic hormone are not secreted in the
posterior lobe, merely stored .
Secreted Abbreviation From cells Effect
Hormone

Oxytocin Magnocellular Contraction of cervix and

neurosecretory vagina
cells Involved in orgasm, trust
between people. and
circadian homeostasis
(body temperature, activity
level, wakefulness).
release breast milk

Vasopressin AVP or ADH Magnocellular retention of water in kidneys

or neurosecretory moderate vasoconstriction
antidiuretic cells
hormone
 Intermediate pituitary lobe (pars
intermedia)

Secreted Abbreviation From cells Effect

Hormone

Melanocyte MSH Melanotroph melanogenesis

-stimulating hormone by
melanocytes in
skin and hair.
 Thyroid
Secreted Abbreviation From cells Effect
Hormone

Tri – iodo - T3 Thyroid epithelial

potentcell
form of thyroid hormone:
thyronine increase the
basal metabolic rate & sensitivity
to catecholamines, affect
protein synthesis
Thyroxine or T4 Thyroid epithelial
less active
cell form of
tetra – iodo s thyroid hormone: increase the
-thyronine basal metabolic rate & sensitivity
to catecholamines,
affect protein synthesis, often
functions as a prohormone

Calcitonin Para follicular

Construct
cell bone ,
s
reduce blood Ca2+
 Parathyroid
Secreted Abbreviation From cellsEffect
Hormone

Para PTH Parathyroidchief

increase
cell blood Ca2+ :
thyroid hormone indirectly stimulate osteoclasts
Ca2+ reabsorption in kidney
activate vitamin D
(Slightly) decrease
blood phosphate:
decreased reuptake in kidney
but increased uptake from bones
activate vitamin D
 Heart
Secreted Abbreviation From cells Effect
Hormone

Atrial-natriuretic
ANP Cardiac reducecblood pressure by :
peptide myocytes reducing systemic
vascular resistance,
reducing blood water,
sodium and fats

Brain BNP Cardiac reducecblood pressure by :

natriuretic myocytes reducing systemic
peptide vascular resistance,
reducing blood water,
sodium and fats (to a lesser
degree than ANP)
 Striated muscle

Secreted Hormone From cells Effect

Thrombopoietin
Myocytes stimulates
megakaryocytes to
produce platelets[7]
Adipose tissue Skin

Secreted From cells Effect Secreted From cells Effect

Hormone Hormone

Leptin Adipocytes decrease of Calcidiol Inactive

(Primarily) appetite and (25- form of
increase of hydroxyvita Vitamin D3
metabolism. min D3)
 Stomach
Secreted Abbreviation From cells Effect
Hormone

Gastrin G cells Secretion of gastric acid by

(Primarily) parietal cells

Ghrelin P/D1 cells Stimulate appetite, secretion of

growth hormone from
anterior pituitary gland

Neuropeptide NPY increased food intake and

Y decreased physical activity

Histamine ECL cells stimulate gastric acid secretion

Secreted From cells Effect
Hormone

Somatostatin D cells Suppress release of gastrin,

cholecystokinin (CCK),secretin, motilin,
vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP),
gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP),
enteroglucagon.
Lowers rate of gastric emptying.
 Reduces smooth muscle contractions
and blood flow within the intestine.

Endothelin X cells Smooth muscle contraction of stomach[10]

 Duodenum

Secreted Hormone From cells Effect

Cholecystokinin I cells Release of digestive

enzymes from pancreas
Release of bile from
gallbladder hunger
suppressant
 Adrenal glands( Adrenal cortex)
Secreted Hormone From cells Effect

Glucocorticoids zona Stimulation of glyconeogeesis

(chiefly cortisol) fasciculata Inhibition of glucose uptake in muscle

and zona and adipose tissue Mobilization of

amino acids from extrahepatic tissues
reticularis Stimulation of fat breakdown in adipose
cells tissue anti-inflammatory and
immunosuppressive

Zona
Mineralocorticoids Increase blood volume by reabsorption
(chiefly glomerulosaofsodium by kidney
aldosterone) Potassium and H+ secretion in kidney.
cells
 Adrenal glands( Adrenal cortex)
……ctd
Secreted Effect Secreted Hormone
Hormone

Androgens Zona fasciculata Virilization, anabolic

(including DHEA and Zona
and testosteronereticularis cells
)
 Adrenal glands
(Adrenal medulla)

Secreted From cells Effect

Hormone

Adrenaline Chromaffin cells Fight-or-flight response:

(epinephrine) Boost the supply of oxygen and
(Primarily) glucose to the brain and muscles
(by increasing heart rate and
stroke volume, vasodilation,
increasing catalysis of glycogen in
liver, breakdown of lipids in fat cells)
Dilate the pupils
Suppress non-emergency bodily
processes (e.g., digestion)
Suppress immune system
 Adrenal glands
(Adrenal medulla)

Secreted Hormone From cells Effect

Noradrenaline Chromaffin Fight-or-flight response:

(norepinephrine) cells Boost the supply of oxygen and
glucose to the brain and muscles
(by increasing heart rate and
stroke volume, vasoconstriction
and increased blood pressure,
breakdown of lipids in fat cells)
Increase skeletal muscle readiness.
 Adrenal glands
(Adrenal medulla)

Secreted Hormone From cells Effect

Dopamine Chromaffin cells Increase heart rate

and blood pressure

Enkephalin Chromaffin cells Regulate pain