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Chapter
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
THE ACCOUNTING
CYCLE: ACCRUALS
AND DEFERRALS
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
4-2
4-3
Adjusting
Adjusting Entries
Entries
Adjusting
entries are
needed whenever
revenue or expenses
affect more than one
accounting
period.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Every
adjusting
entry involves a
change in either a
revenue or expense
and an asset
or liability.
4-4
Types
Types of
of Adjusting
Adjusting Entries
Entries
Converting
Converting
assets
assets to
to
expenses
expenses
Converting
Converting
liabilities
liabilities to
to
revenue
revenue
Accruing
Accruing
unpaid
unpaid
expenses
expenses
Accruing
Accruing
uncollected
uncollected
revenues
revenues
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
4-5
Converting
Converting Assets
Assets to
to Expenses
Expenses
End of Current Period
Prior Periods
Transaction
Transaction
Paid
Paidcash
cashin
in
advance
advanceof
of
incurring
incurring
expense
expense
(creates
(createsan
an
asset).
asset).
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Current Period
Future Periods
Adjusting
AdjustingEntry
Entry
Recognizes
Recognizes portion
portion
of
ofasset
assetconsumed
consumed
as
as expense,
expense, and
and
Reduces
Reduces balance
balance of
of
asset
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
asset account.
account.
4-6
Converting
Converting Assets
Assets to
to Expenses
Expenses
Examples Include:
Depreciation
Supplies
Expiring Insurance Policies
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
4-7
Converting
Converting Assets
Assets to
to Expenses
Expenses
$2,400 Insurance Policy
Coverage for 12 Months
$200 Monthly Insurance Expense
Jan. 1
Dec. 31
On
On January
January 1,
1, Webb
Webb Co.
Co. purchased
purchased aa oneoneyear
year insurance
insurance policy
policy for
for $2,400.
$2,400.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
4-8
Converting
Converting Assets
Assets to
to Expenses
Expenses
Initially,
Initially, costs
costs that
that benefit
benefit more
more than
than one
one
accounting
accounting period
period are
are recorded
recorded as
as assets.
assets.
GENERAL JOURNAL
Date
Jan.
1 Unexpired Insurance
Cash
P
R Debit
Credit
2,400
2,400
4-9
Converting
Converting Assets
Assets to
to Expenses
Expenses
The
The costs
costs are
are expensed
expensed as
as they
they are
are used
used to
to
generate
generate revenue.
revenue.
GENERAL JOURNAL
Date
P
R Debit
Credit
200
200
4-10
Converting
Converting Assets
Assets to
to Expenses
Expenses
Balance
Balance Sheet
Sheet
Income
Income Statement
Statement
Cost
Cost of
of assets
assets
that
that benefit
benefit
future
future periods.
periods.
Cost
Cost of
of assets
assets
used
used this
this period
period to
to
generate
generate revenue.
revenue.
Unexpired Insurance
1/1 2,400 1/31
200
Bal. 2,200
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Insurance Expense
1/31
200
4-11
The
The Concept
Concept of
of Depreciation
Depreciation
Depreciable
Depreciable assets
assets are
are physical
physical objects
objects
that
that retain
retain their
their size
size and
and shape
shape but
but lose
lose
their
their economic
economic usefulness
usefulness over
over time.
time.
Depreciation
Depreciation is
is the
the systematic
systematic allocation
allocation
of
of the
the cost
cost of
of aa depreciable
depreciable asset
asset to
to
expense.
expense.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
4-12
The
The Concept
Concept of
of Depreciation
Depreciation
The
The portion
portion of
of an
an assets
assets utility
utility that
that is
is used
used up
up
must
must be
be expensed
expensed in
in the
the period
period used.
used.
Fixed
Fixed
Asset
Asset
(debit)
(debit)
On date
when initial
payment is
made . . .
Cash
Cash
(credit)
(credit)
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
The assets
usefulness is
partially
consumed
during the
period.
Depreciation
Depreciation
Expense
Expense
(debit)
(debit)
At end of
period . . .
Accumulated
Accumulated
Depreciation
Depreciation
(credit)
(credit)
4-13
Depreciation
Depreciation Is
Is Only
Only an
an Estimate
Estimate
On May 2, 2005, JJs Lawn Care Service
purchased a lawn mower with a useful life
of 50 months for $2,500 cash.
Using the straight-line method, calculate the
monthly depreciation expense.
Depreciation
Cost of the asset
expense (per =
Estimated useful life
period)
$50 = $2,500
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
50
4-14
Depreciation
Depreciation Is
Is Only
Only an
an Estimate
Estimate
JJs
JJs Lawn
Lawn Care
Care Service
Service would
would make
make the
the
following
following adjusting
adjusting entry.
entry.
GENERAL JOURNAL
Date
P
R Debit
Credit
50
50
Contra-asset
Contra-asset
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
4-15
Depreciation
Depreciation Is
Is Only
Only an
an Estimate
Estimate
JJs
JJs $15,000
$15,000 truck
truck is
is depreciated
depreciated over
over 60
60
months
months as
as follows:
follows:
GENERAL JOURNAL
Date
P
R Debit
Credit
250
250
$15,00060
months
== $250
per
month
$15,00060
months
$250
per
monthCompanies, Inc.
The
McGraw-Hill
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
4-16
Accumulated
Accumulated depreciation
depreciation would
would
appear
appear on
on the
the balance
balance sheet
sheet as
as
follows:
follows:
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
4-17
Converting
Converting Liabilities
Liabilities to
to Revenue
Revenue
End of Current Period
Prior Periods
Transaction
Transaction
Collect
Collectcash
cash
in
inadvance
advanceof
of
earning
earning
revenue
revenue
(creates
(createsaa
liability).
liability).
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Current Period
Future Periods
Adjusting
AdjustingEntry
Entry
Recognizes
Recognizes portion
portion
earned
earned as
asrevenue,
revenue,
and
and
Reduces
Reduces balance
balance of
of
liability
liabilityaccount.
account.
4-18
Converting
Converting Liabilities
Liabilities to
to Revenue
Revenue
Examples Include:
Airline Ticket Sales
Sports Teams Sales of
Season Tickets
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
4-19
Converting
Converting Liabilities
Liabilities to
to Revenue
Revenue
$6,000 Rental Contract
Coverage for 12 Months
$500 Monthly Rental Revenue
Jan. 1
Dec. 31
On
On January
January 1,
1, Webb
Webb Co.
Co. received
received $6,000
$6,000 in
in
advance
advance for
for aa one-year
one-year rental
rental contract.
contract.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
4-20
Converting
Converting Liabilities
Liabilities to
to Revenue
Revenue
Initially,
Initially, revenues
revenues that
that benefit
benefit more
more than
than one
one
accounting
accounting period
period are
are recorded
recorded as
as liabilities.
liabilities.
GENERAL JOURNAL
Date
Jan.
1 Cash
Unearned Rental Revenue
P
R Debit
Credit
6,000
6,000
4-21
Converting
Converting Liabilities
Liabilities to
to Revenue
Revenue
Over
Over time,
time, the
the revenue
revenue is
is recognized
recognized as
as itit is
is
earned.
earned.
GENERAL JOURNAL
Date
P
R Debit
Credit
500
500
4-22
Converting
Converting Liabilities
Liabilities to
to Revenue
Revenue
Balance
Balance Sheet
Sheet
Income
Income Statement
Statement
Liability
Liability for
for
future
future periods.
periods.
Revenue
Revenue earned
earned
this
this period.
period.
1/31
500
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
1/1 6,000
Bal. 5,500
Rental Revenue
1/31
500
4-23
Accruing
Accruing Unpaid
Unpaid Expenses
Expenses
End of Current Period
Prior Periods
Current Period
Adjusting
AdjustingEntry
Entry
Recognizes
Recognizes expense
expense
incurred,
incurred,and
and
Records
Recordsliability
liabilityfor
for
future
futurepayment.
payment.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Future Periods
Transaction
Transaction
Pay
Paycash
cashin
in
settlement
settlementof
of
liability.
liability.
4-24
Accruing
Accruing Unpaid
Unpaid Expenses
Expenses
Hey, when do
we get paid?
Examples Include:
Interest
Wages and Salaries
Property Taxes
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
4-25
Accruing
Accruing Unpaid
Unpaid Expenses
Expenses
$3,000 Wages
Expense
Monday,
May 29
Wednesday,
May 31
Friday,
June 2
On
On May
May 31,
31, Webb
Webb Co.
Co. owes
owes wages
wages of
of
$3,000.
$3,000. Pay
Pay day
day is
is Friday,
Friday, June
June 2.
2.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
4-26
Accruing
Accruing Unpaid
Unpaid Expenses
Expenses
Initially,
Initially, an
an expense
expense and
and aa liability
liability are
are
recorded.
recorded.
GENERAL JOURNAL
Date
P
R Debit
Credit
3,000
3,000
4-27
Accruing
Accruing Unpaid
Unpaid Expenses
Expenses
Balance
Balance Sheet
Sheet
Income
Income Statement
Statement
Liability
Liability to
to be
be
paid
paid in
in aa future
future
period.
period.
Cost
Cost incurred
incurred this
this
period
period to
to generate
generate
revenue.
revenue.
Wages Payable
5/31 3,000
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Wages Expense
5/31 3,000
4-28
Accruing
Accruing Unpaid
Unpaid Expenses
Expenses
$5,000 Weekly Wages
$3,000 Wages
Expense
Monday,
May 29
$2,000 Wages
Expense
Wednesday,
May 31
Friday,
June 2
Lets
Lets look
look at
at the
the entry
entry for
for June
June 2.
2.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
4-29
Accruing
Accruing Unpaid
Unpaid Expenses
Expenses
The
The liability
liability is
is extinguished
extinguished when
when the
the debt
debt is
is
paid.
paid.
GENERAL JOURNAL
Date
P
R Debit
Credit
2,000
3,000
5,000
4-30
Accruing
Accruing Uncollected
Uncollected Revenue
Revenue
End of Current Period
Prior Periods
Current Period
Adjusting
Adjusting Entry
Entry
Recognizes
Recognizesrevenue
revenue
earned
earned but
butnot
notyet
yet
recorded,
recorded,and
and
Records
Recordsreceivable.
receivable.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Future Periods
Transaction
Transaction
Collect
Collectcash
cash
in
in settlement
settlement
of
of receivable.
receivable.
4-31
Accruing
Accruing Uncollected
Uncollected Revenue
Revenue
Examples Include:
Interest Earned
Work Completed But Not
Yet Billed to Customer
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
4-32
Accruing
Accruing Uncollected
Uncollected Revenue
Revenue
$170 Interest
Revenue
Saturday,
Jan. 15
Monday,
Jan. 31
Tuesday,
Feb. 15
On
On Jan.
Jan. 31,
31, the
the bank
bank owes
owes Webb
Webb Co.
Co.
th
interest
of
$170.
Interest
is
paid
on
the
15
interest of $170. Interest is paid on the 15 th
day
day of
of each
each month.
month.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
4-33
Accruing
Accruing Uncollected
Uncollected Revenue
Revenue
Initially,
Initially, the
the revenue
revenue is
is recognized
recognized and
and aa
receivable
receivable is
is created.
created.
GENERAL JOURNAL
Date
P
R Debit
Credit
170
170
4-34
Accruing
Accruing Uncollected
Uncollected Revenue
Revenue
Balance
Balance Sheet
Sheet
Receivable
Receivable to
to
be
be collected
collected in
in aa
future
future period.
period.
Interest Receivable
1/31
170
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Income
Income Statement
Statement
Revenue
Revenue earned
earned
this
this period.
period.
Interest Revenue
1/31
170
4-35
Accruing
Accruing Uncollected
Uncollected Revenue
Revenue
$320 Monthly Interest
$170 Interest
Revenue
Saturday,
Jan. 15
$150 Interest
Revenue
Monday,
Jan. 31
Tuesday,
Feb. 15
Lets
Lets look
look at
at the
the entry
entry for
for February
February 15.
15.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
4-36
Accruing
Accruing Uncollected
Uncollected Revenue
Revenue
The
The receivable
receivable is
is collected
collected in
in aa future
future period.
period.
GENERAL JOURNAL
Date
P
R Debit
Feb. 15 Cash
Credit
320
150
170
Accruing
Accruing Income
Income Taxes
Taxes Expense:
Expense: The
The Final
Final
Adjusting
Adjusting Entry
Entry
4-37
As
As aa corporation
corporation earns
earns taxable
taxable income,
income, itit
incurs
incurs income
income taxes
taxes expense,
expense, and
and also
also aa
liability
liability to
to governmental
governmental tax
tax authorities.
authorities.
GENERAL JOURNAL
Date
P
R Debit
Credit
780
780
Journalize
transactions.
Post entries to
the ledger
accounts.
Prepare trial
balance.
Lets
Lets look
look at
at JJs
JJs Lawn
Lawn Care
Care
Services
Servicesadjusted
adjusted trial
trial balance.
balance.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
4-38
Make end-ofyear
adjustments.
Prepare adjusted
trial balance.
4-39
Adjusted
Adjusted Trial
Trial Balance
Balance
JJ's Lawn Care Service
Adjusted Trial Balance
May 31, 2005
Cash
$ 3,925
Accounts receivable
75
Tools & equipment
2,650
Accum. depreciation: tools & eq.
$
50
Truck
15,000
Accum. depreciation: truck
250
Notes payable
13,000
Accounts payable
150
Capital stock
8,000
Dividends
200
Sales revenue
750
Gasoline expense
50
Depreciation exp.: tools & eq.
50
Depreciation exp.: truck
250
Total
$ 22,200 $ 22,200
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
All balances
are taken from
the ledger
accounts on
May 31 after
preparing the
two
depreciation
adjusting
entries.
4-40
End
End of
of Chapter
Chapter 44
McGraw-Hill/Irwin