Maths project.

topic:
Contents:
real number system. 1. Introduction,
2. Realnumber system,
4. Rational numbers,
6. Integers,
produced by,
9. Decimal numbers,
s.vishnu vardan. 12.natural numbers,
15.whole numbers,
16.Comparision,
Conclusion.

TO
s
project.

Introduction.
Real number system
is denoted by the
symbol---------------------- Inmathematics, areal numberis a value that
represents a quantity along a continuous line.
Real numbers can be thought of as points on an
infinitely longlinecalled thenumber lineorreal
line, where the points corresponding tointegers
are equally spaced.

Real number system.

The real numbers include

all therational numbers,

such as theinteger5 .
thefraction4/3.
all theirrational
numberssuch as
2i.e.,1.41421356...
thesquare root of 2, an
irrational algebraic
number.
i.e.,3.14159265..., A
TRANCENDENTAL
NUMBER.

Thereal linecan be
thought of as a part
of the
complex plane, and
correspondingly,
complex numbers
include real
numbers as a
special case.

Rational numbers.
Inmathematics,
arational numberis
anynumberthat can
be expressed as the
quotientor
fractionp/qof two
integers, with the
denominatorqnot
equal to zero.
Sinceqmay be equal
to 1, every integer is a
rational number.

Thesetof all
rational numbers is
usually denoted by
a boldfaceQ(or
blackboard bold,
Unicode), which
stands forquotient
.

Integers.
Theintegersare formed by thenatural numbers
including 0 0,1,2,3, ... together with the
negativesof the non-zero natural numbers 1,
2, 3, ...

Non negative integers (purple) and negative

integers (red).
An integer ispositiveif it is greater than zero
andnegativeif it is less than zero. Zero is defined
as neither negative nor positive.

Properties of addition and multiplication on integers

Addition

Closure:
Associativity:

a+bisaninteger

Multiplication

abisaninteger

a+(b+c)=(a+b)
a(bc)=(ab)c
+c

Commutativity:

a+b=b+a

ab=ba

Existence of an
identity element:

a+0=a

a1=a

Existence of
inverse elements:

a+(a)=0

Aninverseelementusuallydoesnot
existatall.

Distributivity:

No zero divisors:

a(b+c)=(ab)+(ac)and(a+b)c=(ac)+
(bc)
Ifab=0,thena=0orb=0(or
both)

Decimal numbers.
Thedecimalnumeral systemhastenas its
base. It is the numerical base most widely used
by modern civilizations.
Decimal notationoften refers to a base-10
positional notationsuch as theHindu-Arabic
numeral system.
however, it can also be used more generally to
refer to non-positional systems such
asRomanorChinese numeralswhich are also
based on powers of ten.

 1/2 = 0.5 1/20 = 0.05

1/5 = 0.2 1/50 = 0.02
1/4 = 0.25
1/40 = 0.025
1/25 = 0.04
1/8 = 0.125
1/125= 0.008 1/10 = 0.1

1/3 = 0.333333
1/9 = 0.111111
100-1=99=911
1/11 = 0.090909
1000-1=9111=2737
1/27 = 0.037037037
1/37 = 0.027027027
1/111 = 0 .009009009
1/81= 0.012345679012

Natural numbers.

Inmathematics, thenatural numbersare the

ordinary whole numbers used
forcountingandordering.
These purposes are related to the linguistic
notions of cardinal and ordinal numbers,
respectively .
A later notion is that of anominal number,
which is used only for naming.
Properties of the natural numbers related
todivisibility, such as the distribution ofprime
numbers, are studied innumber theory.

 Problems concerning counting and

ordering, such aspartitionenumeration,
are studied incombinatorics.

Some authors use the term "natural

number" to exclude zero and "whole
number" to include it.
others use "whole number" in a way that
excludes zero, or in a way that includes
both zero and the negative integers.

whole numbers.

Whole
numbers are
natural
numbers
including 0.

Comparision between

and

What Is A Number?
What is a number?
Are these numbers?

Is 11 a number?
33?
What about 0xABFE? Is this a number?
Yes it is an ancient number -0945732

Some ancient numbers

Messages
The number system we have today have
come through a long route, and mostly
from some far away lands, outside of
Europe.
They came about because human beings
wanted to solve problems and created
numbers to solve these problems.

Limit of Four
Take a look at the next picture, and try to
estimate the quantity of each set of objects in a
singe visual glance, without counting.
Take a look again.
More difficult to see the objects more than four.
Everyone can see the sets of one, two, and of
three objects in the figure, and most people can
see the set of four.
But thats about the limit of our natural ability to
numerate. Beyond 4, quantities are vague, and
our eyes alone cannot tell us how many things
there are.

Limits Of Four

Egyptian 3 rd Century BC

Cretan 1200-1700BC

Englands five-barred
gate

How to Count with limit

of four
Here is a figure to show you what people
have used.
The Elema of New Guinea

The
Elema
of
New
Guine
a

The Greek Numeral

System

Arithmetic with Greek Numeral System

Roman Numerals
1 I 20 XX
2 II 25 XXV
3 III 29 XIX
4 IV 50 L
5 V 75 LXXV
6 VI 100 C
10X 500 D
11 XI 1000M
16XVI

Now try these:

1. XXXVI
2. XL
3. XVII
4. DCCLVI
5. MCMLXIX

Roman Numerals Task

CCLXIV
LXXV
1
+
+
+

DCL
MLXXX
MDCCCVII

MMMDCCXXVIII
MDCCCLII
MCCXXXI
CCCCXIII

Roman Numerals Task

1
+
+
+

CCLXIV
DCL
MLXXX
MDCCCVII
MMMDCCCI

+
+
+

264
650
1080
1807
3801

Roman Numerals Task

1
-

MMMDCCXXVIII
MDCCCLII
MCCXXXI
CCCCXIII
CCXXXII

3728
1852
1231
413
232

Roman Numerals Task

1
x

LXXV
L

MMMDCCL

75
50

3750

Drawbacks of positional
numeral system
Hard to represent larger
numbers
Hard to do arithmetic with larger
numbers, trying do 23456 x
987654

 The search was on for portable representation

of numbers
To make progress, humans had to solve a
tricky problem:
What is the smallest set of symbols in which
the largest numbers can in theory be
represented?

South American Maths

The Maya

The Incas

Mayan Maths

twenties
twenties

units
units

2 x 20 +
18 x 20 +

7 =

47

5 = 365

Babylonian Maths
The Babylonians

B
a
b
y
l
o
n
I
a
n

sixties

units

=64

3600s 60s 1s

= 3604

Zero and the Indian SubContinent Numeral System

You know the origin of the positional number, and its
drawbacks.
One of its limits is how do you represent tens, hundreds,
etc.
A number system to be as effective as ours, it must possess
a zero.
In the beginning, the concept of zero was synonymous with
empty space.
Some societies came up with solutions to represent
nothing.
The Babylonians left blanks in places where zeroes should
be.
The concept of empty and nothing started becoming
synonymous.
It was a long time before zero was discovered.

Zero and the Indian SubContinent Numeral System

We have to thank the Mathematicians for
our modern number system.
Similarity between the Indian numeral
system and our modern one

Indian Numbers

Binary Numbers

Different Bases
Base 10 (Decimal):

hundreds
1

tens units
2
5

12510 = 1 x 100 + 2 x 10 + 5
Base 2 (Binary):

eights
1

fours
1

twos
1

11102 = 1 x 8 + 1 x 4 + 1 x 2 + 0
= 14 (base 10)

units
0

Pythagoras Theorem
2

a = b + c
a
b

Pythagoras Theorem
2

a
1

a = 1 + 1
2
So a = 2
a=?

Messages
The number system we have today have come
through a long route, and mostly from some far
away lands, outside of Europe.
They came about because human beings wanted
to solve problems and created numbers to solve
these problems.
Numbers belong to human culture, and not
nature, and therefore have their own long history.

Questions to Ask
Ourselves.
Is this the end of our number system?
Are there going to be any more changes
in our present numbers?
In 300 years from now, will the numbers
have changed again to be something
else?

3 great ideas made our

modern number system
Our modern number system was a result of a
conjunction of 3 great ideas:
the idea of attaching to each basic figure
graphical signs which were removed from all
intuitive associations, and did not visually evoke
the units they represented
the principle of position
the idea of a fully operational zero, filling the
empty spaces of missing units and at the same
time having the meaning of a null number