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Wind Power Presentation:

1. Climate Change & Renewable
Energy
2. Historical Developments
3. Modern Technology
4. Penetration of Wind Energy
Dr. Dharshana Muthumuni
September 2009

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1. Climate Change
&
Renewable Energy

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CLIMATE CHANGE AND RENEWABLE ENERGY

Extract from a ENGLISH HERITAGE report

The Earths climate is changing. The average global

temperature has risen by 0.6 degrees Celsius since the
beginning of the 20th century, taking the northern
hemisphere outside the range of average temperatures it has
experienced over the last 1,000 years. Globally, all of the 10
warmest years on record have occurred since the beginning
of the 1990s, and the effects of recent warming can be seen
in an increased incidence of heat-waves, storminess and
flooding, the retreat of glaciers and ice sheets, and altered
responses in plants and animals.

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Although climate change is a natural and constant process, there is

a strong scientific and political consensus, internationally and within
the UK, that the current increase in average temperatures results
mainly from increasing atmospheric concentrations of carbon
dioxide and other greenhouse gases and that these increasing
concentrations are the result, in part at least, of human influences.
There is also general agreement that average temperatures are
likely to rise even faster, particularly in the second half of this
century, unless action is taken to limit and reduce greenhouse gas
emissions. Under the terms of the Kyoto Protocol, the UK pledged
to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 12.5 per cent below 1990
levels by 200812, with a further undertaking to reduce CO2
emissions by 20 per cent by 2010. The European Union has also
endorsed the need to reduce carbon dioxide levels in order to limit
future temperature rise to 2 degrees Celsius.

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CLIMATE CHANGE AND

RENEWABLE ENERGY
The Earths climate is changing
Globally, all of the 10 warmest years on record have
occurred since the beginning of the 1990s
Climate change is a natural and constant process, but,
increasing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases
has influenced the process
The need to reduce carbon dioxide levels in order to limit
future temperature rise

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WIND ENERGY
Converting wind energy into electricity reduces the
environmental impact of power generation
Wind is currently the most developed of renewable energy
technologies

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WIND TURBINES
Rapidly advancing in technology
o
o
o

Ratings increased from 200 kW to 3 MW (% MW emerging)

in the last decade
Over 30 m blade radius
Close to 100 m tower heights

Wind farms integrated to the main grid

Land sites and off shore sites
Technology is advancing

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2. Historical Developments

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May have been in use for

over
3000 years
o
o

Water pumping
Grain grinding

First proof of use: Persia in

around 500-900 A.D.

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Wind tracking done from very

early days
o Automated tracking in the 1700s

Variable speed operation in

1700s

American wind mill of late 1800s

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The first use of a large windmill

Ohio,1888
Rotor 17 meters in diameter
Large tail hinged to turn the rotor
out of the wind

1888: Brush wind turbine

First windmill to incorporate a stepup gearbox (ratio 50:1)

DC generator operated at 500 rpm

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Early 20th century:

Electricity affected wind developments
However:
By 1920s air plane industry
influenced the wind blade designs

o Aircraft wing profiles considered for

wind turbine blades

1977 design with pitch mechanisms

Variable speed operation in

1700s

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Bulk power generation:

100 kW unit in Russia in 1931
1.25 MW unit in USA in 1941
o
o
o
o
o
o
1.25 MW Smith-Putnam machine

Horizontal axis
2 Blade
over 50 m rotor diameter
16 ton rotor
28 rpm, Synchronous machine
Failed in 1945: Blades broke off
due to metal fatigue

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In North America the wind

turbine developments slowed down
after the 1930s

European developments
continued at an much elevated rate
Oil crisis in the early 1970s
injected new life into wind power
research and development
Proposed 1970s GE turbine

Lessons and knowledge from the

long past was not all lost

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Different designs were considered in R&D

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Multi Mega-Watt Units:

Developments started in the late 1980s but
almost died by early 1990s.
The need for Green power :

o Developments resumed in the late 1990s.

A Colorado Wind Farm

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3. Modern Technology

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Large turbines of 5 MW
Over 100 m Diameter
Over 150 m tall
Sophisticated
aerodynamic design
Advanced technology
for off-shore
installations
Energy cost is
decreasing

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Advanced material
Lightweight, stronger

Generator concepts
DFIG
PM Machine

Control methodology
P and Q control
Pitching

Wind prediction
Transportation and
construction

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Main components

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GE 3.6 MW
Wind speed:
3.5 14 25 m/s
DFIG :
IGBT based
Speed :
8.5 15.3 rpm
Blade Dia:
111 m

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GE 3.6 MW

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Vestas V90
Vestas V90 3 MW
Wind speed:
4 15 25 m/s
DFIG :
Opti-speed
Speed :
8.6 16.1 -18.4 rpm
Blade Dia:
90 m

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Gamesa - G90

Blade Dia:
90 m

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Aerodynamic primary brake by

means of full-feathering blades
Hydraulically-activated
mechanical disc brake for
emergencies
690 V Stator
4 pole machine
Gear ratio - 1:120.5

material: Pre-impregnated epoxy glass fibre

with carbon fibber

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Enercon E82

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Direct drive synchronous generator

Pitch control
Back- to- back converter grid coupled
6- 19.5 rpm
Storm control feature

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4. Penetration of Wind
Power and the Challenges

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Installed MW per year

(World-wide) Approx.

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Total Capacity (103.MW)

(World-wide) Approx.

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Penetration of wind power presents many challenges

Grid integration
Faults
Resonance issues (SSR)
Control interaction issues

Control
Power quality

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Thank you

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