PH Reverse Engineering

REVERSE ENGINEERING OF
LOCAL & INTERNATIONAL SURVEYS ON CORRUPTION

IN THE PHILIPPINES
A Project funded under the

Transparent Accountable Governance
(TAG) Project of The Asia Foundation
with support from the United States
Agency for International Development
April to June, 2006
Background
Several studies and surveys showing the Philippines as one of the

most corrupt countries have been many times over quoted in
media.
These reports have painted the image of a graft-ridden country

and a government seemingly powerless over corruption
The most prominent of these agencies which regularly conducts

studies on corruption in the Philippines are:
Social Weather Stations, Inc.
Pulse Asia, Inc.
Ibon Foundation, Inc.
Makati Business Club
Political Economic Risk Consultancy (PERC) Ltd.
Transparency International (TI)
Rationale
There is a need to review current studies and surveys being conducted

measuring corruption in the Philippines.
It would be important to know what their methodologies are, who their
key respondents are, how they gather the data and how they analyze
their data sets.
It would be pertinent to mine the data generated by these studies and
surveys.
The information culled will aid both government and non-government
agencies in zeroing in its efforts to address corruption on segments of
the population most sensitive to this issue.
It will give better directions as to where concentrated efforts to curb
corruption are vital.
It will pro-actively identify factors affecting perceptions of corruption
and facets of corruption in the country and serve as a beacon to anticorruption efforts.
Methods Used
Gathering of materials, reports, raw data (both soft

and hard copies if made accessible) from these
respective institutions:
Social Weather Stations (SWS)
Pulse Asia Inc.
IBON Foundation, Inc.
Makati Business Club (MBC)
Political Economic Risk Consultancy (PERC)
Transparency International (TI)
Methods Used
(continued)
Data gathering on whats available on the internet.

The following websites were sources of many
materials:
www.sws.org.ph/
www.pulseasia.com.ph/
www.ibon.org/
www.mbc.com.ph/
www.asiarisk.com/
ww1.transparency.org/
www.transparency.ph/
Methods Used
(continued)
In-depth interviews with the following key informants:
Mr. Robert Broadfoot, PERC Managing Director
Judge Dolores Espanol, Transparency Intl RP Chapter
Mr. Antonio Tujan Jr., Ibon Foundation, Inc.
Ms. Rosario Bella Guzman, Ibon Foundation, Inc. Executive Director
Mr. Edward Gacusana, MBC Sr. Research Associate & CAC Proj. Coordinator
Mr. Michael Mundo, MBC Sr. Research Associate & Chief Economist
Ms. Linda Luz Guerrero, SWS VP & Chief Operating Officer
Mr. Jay Sandoval, SWS Director of Sampling, Processing & Data Archiving Group
Ms. Germie Caron, SWS Field Specialist
Mr. Jojo Carlom, Pulse Asia Statistics Supervisor
Ms. Zon Langrio, TNS-Trends Field Director
Mr. Angel Almojuela, Asia Research Organization (ARO) President
Methods Used
(continued)
Review of written reports
SWS Survey of Enterprises
Pulse Asia Ulat ng Bayan visuals
PERC reports
Transparency International reports
Further statistical analysis of raw data made available

by:
SWS and Pulse Asia
Caveat
In the course of talking with key informants from these

various research institutions, some have expressed plans to
further modify and make improvements in their
methodologies
Since the review of the surveys included in the study was

from April to June 2006, any changes and improvements
made by the various research institutions in their methods
of data gathering data processing and data analysis after
this period cannot be reflected here
The study does not intend to conclude which survey is more

superior than others; rather it intends to give illumination
on how these surveys are done and how the survey data can
help in further advancing means of curbing corruption
SURVEYS ON CORRUPTION
IN THE PHILIPPINES WITH
VOTING-AGE ADULTS
AS RESPONDENTS
Surveys on Corruption conducted among

Voting-Age Adults
Institution
Social Weather
Stations (SWS)
Name of
Surveys
Sponsor
Social Weather
Surveys
SWSsponsored for
regular items;
TAG Project
for some
Rider items
Survey
schedul
e
Level of
Analysis
Quarterl
y
Total Philippines
& Major areas:
NCR, Balance
Luzon; Visayas;
Mindanao
Pulse Asia
(Pulse)
Ulat ng Bayan
Pulsesponsored for
regular items
Quarterl
y
Total Philippines
& Major areas:
NCR, Balance
Luzon; Visayas;
Mindanao
Ibon Foundation,
Inc. (IBON)
Peoples
Political &
Economic
Perception
All are Ibonsponsored

items
Quarterl
y
Total Philippines
only
Transparency Intl
(TI) [implemented in
Global
Corruption
Barometer
All are TIsponsored

items through
Gallup
International
Every
last
quarter
of the
year
Total Philippines
only
the Phils. by Asia

Research Organization
ARO, a Gallup Intl
affiliate]
[Survey rider in
ARO Voice of the
People Surveys]

Voting-Age Adults: Methods
Instituti
on
Sampling
Method
Sample Sizes / MOE
Selection of Provinces
SWS
Multi-stage
probability
sampling
1,200 RP [300 NCR; 300

Bal. Luzon; 300 Visayas,
300 Mindanao] / +/-3 RP;
+/-6 in major areas
10 in Luzon, 5 in Visayas,
6 in Mindanao; with
Regional allocations per
major area & non-quotas
for Luz & Vis= selected
with probability
proportional to size (PPS)
PULSE
Multi-stage
probability
sampling
1200 RP [300 NCR; 300

Bal. Luzon; 300 Visayas,
300 Mindanao] / +/-3 RP;
+/-6 in major areas
No pre-selection of
provinces [Can have 10-12
in Luzon; 10 in Visayas;
10-15 in Mindanao]
Multi-stage
sampling
1,200 to 1,400 RP
[Allocated per Reg based
on % of COMELEC
Registered Voters per
Reg] / No MOEs
12 in Luzon, 6 in Visayas,
12 in Mindanao = selected
randomly
Multi-stage
probability
sampling
1,000 RP [Allocated based

on % of Household
Population per major
geographic Regs: NCR,
North Luz, South Luz, Vis,
Min] / No MOEs
3 in North Luzon, 2 in
South Luzon, 2 in Visayas,
2 in Mindanao = selected
with probability
proportional to size (PPS)
IBON
TI - ARO

Voting-Age Adults: Methods (continued)
Instituti
on
Selection of
Cities/Municipalities
Selection of Barangays
17 in NCR; 15 in Balance Luz; 15

in Visayas; 15 in Mindanao =
Selected w/ probability
proportional to size [RP=62]
60 barangays each in NCR; Balance

Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao =
Selected w/ probability proportional to
size [RP=240] [starting 2nd quarter
2004, barangays instead of precincts
are selected in NCR]
PULSE
17 in NCR; 15 in Balance Luz; 15

60 precincts in NCR; 60 spots (precincts

for urban or barangays for rural) each
in Balance Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao
= Selected randomly [RP=240] (Note
precinct maps used are 1990 COMELEC
precinct maps and number of precincts
are updated every national election
cycle)
IBON
13 in NCR; 52 in Balance Luz, 33

in Visayas 34 in Mindanao =
Selected randomly [RP=132]
13 barangays in NCR; 52 in Balance

Luzon, 33 in Visayas, 34 in Mindanao =
TI - ARO
17 in NCR; 8 in Balance Luzon; 4

17 barangays in NCR; 35 in Balance

Luzon, 16 in Visayas 20 in Mindanao =
SWS

Institutio
n
Selection of Households (HH)
Selection of
Respondents
SWS
5 HHs per barangay are chosen from a

starting point (mun/brgy hall, school, brgy
capt. house, church) & a random start [1-6];
right coverage using interval of 6 in urban
areas and 2 in rural area [starting 2nd
quarter 2004]
Probability selection key

among adults in a HH; One
per HH
PULSE
5 HHs per barangay are chosen from random

corner [in urban areas] / from a starting
point --brgy hall, school, brgy capt. house,
church -- [in rural areas] & a random start
[1-6]; right coverage using interval of 7 in
urban areas and 2 in rural areas

per HH
IBON
8-12 HHs per barangay; Discretion of

interviewer where to start in a barangay
(can be a church, mun/brgy hall, police
station, etc) using an interval of 2 in both
urban & rural areas
Looks for HH head;

Interviews the first
available adult HH member
[often Housewives]
TI - ARO
8-12 HHs per barangay are chosen from a

starting point (elem school, health center,
brgy hall, chapel) & a random start [1-5];
left coverage using interval of 4 in NCR, 3 in
urban areas outside NCR, 2 in rural areas
outside NCR

per HH

Institution
Substitution Rules
Quality controls
SWS
No substitution rules starting 2nd

quarter of 2004; Replacements
are taken by continually applying
the interval
2 valid call backs; At least 10% of

total interviews of each interview
are observed by Field Anchors; 30%
spot-checking of each interviewers
output; 100% field editing by Field
Anchors
PULSE
Substitutes should have the same

eco class, age group, gender, &
work status as original
respondent
2 valid call backs; 10% Field

observation by supervisors; Spotchecking done in stages & is at least
20% of unsupervised interviews;
Field editing by group supervisors
IBON
No substitution rules;
Replacements are taken by
continually applying the interval
until quota is reached
No spot-checking; Limited field

observations; Validity of answers are
checked by looking into the
sociological contexts; No field
editing
TI - ARO
Substitutes should have the same

eco class, age group, gender, &
work status as original
respondent
3 valid call backs; 30% field

observation or spot-checking of
every interviewers output; Field
editing by supervisors

Instituti
on
SWS
Questionnaires
Drafted in Tagalog; Translated
in English, Ilocano, Bicolano
Cebuano, Ilonggo; pre-tested
Training of
personnel
Field Personnel
Done in 10
central
locations
1 Field Manager; 14
Field Anchors; 65-70
Field Interviewers
(Anchors also act as
Auditors)
PULSE

Done in four
central
locations
1 Field Manager; 2 Asst.

Field Managers; 4 Field
Coordinators, 40-50
Field Interviewers; 8
Spot checkers
[subcontracted to TNSTrends]
IBON
Drafted in Tagalog but thought

out in English; Translated in
English, Cebuano, Ilocano;
Interviewers have discretion
to translate verbally in other
local languages; no pre-tests
No formal
interviewers
training
No regular pool of field

interviewers and
supervisors; mostly
volunteers and activists
TI - ARO

Done in 3
central
locations
1 Field Manager; About 8

Field Supervisors; About
30 Field Interviewers

Institutio
n
Data Processing
Weighting scheme
SWS
Office editors conduct consistency

checks; Encoding & Data table
generation using SPSS; Done inhouse starting 2nd quarter of 2005
Weights are computed and applied for

each major area to come up with
projected adults for 2005 based on
the 1995 NSO census
PULSE

generation using Surveycraft &
SPSS; Done by TNS-Trends
Weights are computed and applied for

each major area by locale to come up
with projected adults for 2005 based
on the NSCB projected adult
population by locale
IBON
No office editors; Encoding & Data

table generation using SPSS;
Done in-house
No weighting schemes used
TI - ARO

generation using SPSS or Excel or
ASCII; Done in-house
No weighting schemes used

Voting-Age Adults: Data Gathered
Institutio
n
Items on corruption monitored
Satisfaction with performance of natl govt on eradicating corruption
SWS
(regular item)
Agencies perceived to be corrupt; perceived to be doing something to
curb corruption
Opinion on extent of corruption in the country
Awareness of private sector anti-corruption groups
Perceived extent of corruption in specific institutions; govt units;
sectors
Comparing extent of corruption among different administrations
Degree of effectiveness of government anti-corruption efforts and
policies
Degree of effectiveness of specific steps to curb corruption
Accuracy of media coverage on corruption
Personal experience on corruption
Who should be blamed for corruption: govt officials vs. businessmen

Voting-Age Adults: Data Gathered (continued)
Institutio
n
Most urgent national concerns (where corruption always ranks in the
PULSE
top 5) (regular item)

Improvement/deterioration of the issue on graft and corruption in
government
Approval rating of the national admin in fighting graft and corruption
(regular item)
Performance and trust rating of specific personalities & agencies (like
the Ombudsman)
Priority development Assistance Funds (PDAF) or Pork Barrel funds
2004 Elections: Issues the next President should focus on
Corruption probes in the military; Describing graft and corruption in
government
Whether personally experienced or witnessed any instance of
corruption
Government agencies perceived to be with the most and the least
incidence of corruption

Voting-Age Adults: Data Gathered (continued)
Instituti
on
Grading PGMA on combating corruption (from a low grade of 65% to a

IBON
high of 95%; with 75% as he passing mark) [regular item]

Opinion on how severe corruption is in the Arroyo administration
Truthfulness in accusations that GMA engaged in corruption & cheating
in the elections
Effect of graft and corruption on ones family life, business
TI - ARO
environment and political life

Change in level of corruption in the past 3 years
Expected change in the level of corruption in the next 3 years
Extent by which specific sectors are affected by corruption
Experience on paying bribes in the past 12 months
Approximate amount of money paid in bribes in the past 12 months
Situations which apply to the bribe paid for in the past 12 months

Voting-Age Adults: Statistical Tools Used
Institution
Statistical tools used to analyze data on corruption
SWS
PULSE
IBON
TI - ARO
Frequencies, Mean, Median

Data can be tabulated by location, locale, age group, gender, and
other socio-demographic variables
Data can be tabulated by location, locale, age group, gender, and
other socio-demographic variables
Upon request can do factor analysis, reliability tests and
regression runs
Simple average of grades given by respondents [from a low 65% to
a high 95%]
Frequencies, Mean, Median [ARO directly submits to Gallup

International whose data is used as source by Transparency International]

Voting-Age Adults: Highlights of Findings
Highlights of Findings
Instituti
on
National government performance on eradicating corruption usually
SWS
ranks low
BIR, DPWH, BoC, LTO = perceived to be corrupt; Few can mention
agencies which are reputable
Most opine that corruption in the country is widespread
Low awareness of private sector anti-corruption groups and even
for Coalition Against Corruption (CAC)
Most perceive corruption in the national govt and the AFP to be
significant
Current administration perceived to be have higher incidence of
corruption than previous one and there are fears incidence is
increasing (previous data had reversed results)
Government anti-corruption efforts and policies are perceived to be
not as effective
Most suggested steps to curb corruption are perceived to be
effective (some more than others)
Media coverage on corruption is perceived to be quite accurate
Few mention personal experience on corruption
Government officials and businessmen are equally to be blamed for
corruption

(continued)
Instituti
on
Corruption always ranks in the top 5 most urgent national concerns

Corruption in government is perceived to be deteriorating rather
PULSE
than improving
Approval rating of the national admin in fighting corruption is low
The Office of the Ombudsman & the Sandiganbayan get fairly
positive approval ratings
Personalities who have served as Ombudsman get negative to low
positive trust ratings
High awareness for Pork Barrel funds; Majority perceive most of the
funds go to corruption
In the 2004 elections, corruption is one of the top issues the next
Pres. should focus on
About 1 in 8 had a personal experience in corruption; mostly in NCR
and urban Visayas
High awareness and credibility of news on corruption in the military
as well as perceived incidence
Corruption in any form is viewed by majority as never justifiable
DPWH, BoC, BIR, PNP, DepED = most corrupt; Majority cant mention
agencies which are not so corrupt

(continued)
Institutio
n
IBON
Average grade of PGMA on combating corruption is 70%

Those saying corruption in the Arroyo administration is severe was
66% in Jan 2005, 82% in Oct 2005, and 77% in Jan 2006
67% says there is truth to the accusations that PGMA is corrupt and
cheated in the last elections

(continued)
Institution
The most corrupt sectors mentioned in Asian countries are: political
TI - ARO
parties, parliament/legislature, police and tax revenue agencies

The Philippines is one of the lower-middle-income countries where
political parties is identified as the sector most affected by corruption
Among Asian countries, there is a significant level of concern regarding
corruption among taxation authorities and taxation institutions
The Philippines is one of the countries where the political life to a large
extent is affected by corruption
More than 50% of Filipino citizens felt business had been adversely
affected by corrupt practices
Most Filipinos perceive that corruption has affected their personal lives
to a significant extent
Filipinos are particularly discouraged by the recent prevalence of
corruption
Filipinos expressed strong concerns about future levels of corruption;
stating corruption has increased recently and expect things to continue
worsening
Conversely, only 9% Filipinos have actually experienced incidences of
bribery
Given the relatively low incidence of actual experience in bribery, the
Philippine data did not yield meaningful results on amounts paid for
bribery and situations where bribery usually happens

Voting-Age Adults: Public Dissemination
Institutio
n
Press releases
Databank and Publications
Items measuring corruption are

not regularly included in press
releases
Tables, charts, raw data on graft

and corruption, for so long as no
longer embargoed, can be accessed
by the public for a fee; A few
publications have corruption as the
focus
Items measuring corruption are

not regularly included in press
releases
Tables and charts on graft and

corruption can be accessed for a
fee; Can make statistical runs for a
fee but raw data cannot be
accessed; No specific publication
on corruption alone
IBON
Since 2004, grading the national

administration on anticorruption efforts is regularly
included in releases
Tables and charts on graft and

corruption can be accessed for
free; raw data cannot be accessed;
A few publications have corruption
as the focus but not necessarily
from surveys
TI - ARO
No releases are made by ARO;

only TI makes releases as part
of their Global Corruption
Barometer
Results of surveys, tables and

charts can be accessed in the TI
website; Raw data not easily
accessible
SWS
PULSE

Voting-Age Adults: Comments on SWS
Methods
Luzon
Visayas
Mindanao
Allocation for non-quota provinces
in Balance Luzon & Visayas should
be reconsidered because this can
slightly skew the sample since
sampling done is not at the regional
level
Urban area coverage using

landmarks as starting points should
be reviewed because it may tend to
concentrate samples in urban
centers
SWS Urban coverage:
Starting points are the ff:
Municipal or brgy hall
Public elem. school
Brgy. Capt.s house
Catholic church or chapel
Reg 1
Reg 6
Reg 9
CAR/Reg2
Reg 7
Reg 10
Reg 3
Reg 8
Caraga
Reg 4
Non-quota
Reg 11
Reg 5
Reg 12
Non-quota
ARMM
PROVINCES
10
A separate group of Spot checkers

(and not the Field Anchors) should be
assigned to do quality control checks

Voting-Age Adults: Comments on Pulse Asia
Methods
It may help to try and acquire the latest precinct maps of urban
areas since 1990 COMELEC maps are still being used
Reconsider random selection of barangays since populations
may now greatly vary among barangays in a municipality
Monitoring of substitution rates may be necessary

Voting-Age Adults: Comments on IBON
Survey Methods
There is a great need to be cautious of results from surveys

IBON conducts because of the following:
Province selection does not consider population size
No uniform instructions on how to select sample households
Lack of a systematic means to select respondents in a household
Little quality control mechanisms
Having volunteers as interviewers may be disadvantageous to quality

accomplishment of questionnaires
Individual personal translations in the vernacular languages by

interviewers can lead to biases
No substitution or replacement rules
Tendency to be a haphazard survey of housewives (not adults)

Voting-Age Adults: Comments on TI Surveys
conducted by ARO
Sample dispersion tends to be limited because of:
restricted number of provinces, cities/municipalities,
barangays covered
shorter intervals applied between households when selecting

them
greater number of households are included in a specific

sample area
Sample bias is for urban areas given that population sizes here
are bigger and thus have a greater probability of being included.
Generalizations on the validity of the

surveys
SWS,PulseAsiaandAROsurveyscanbeconsideredscientific,
validmeasuresofcorruptionwiththefollowingcaveats:
SWSresultsinurbanareaswouldtendtobeaffectedgiventheir
areacoveragemethodhere
PulseAsiaresultscanbeaffectedbyhighsubstitutionrates
AROresultsshouldonlybeinterpretedatthenationallevelandits
resultsmaytendtoreflecturbansentiments
IBONsurveyscannotbeclaimedtorepresentopinionsofFilipino
adults
Insights from Data Results

Statistical runs from available raw data indicate the ff:
Trustininstitutionsiscriticaltomanagingpublicperceptionsonanticorruption
efforts
Mediareportsoncorruptionandmediaaccesshavesignificantimpactson
perceptions
Youngeradultsaremoresusceptibletonegativeperceptionsoncorruption
Theupperandmiddleclasstendtobemostaffectedandmostpessimisticabout
abilitytoresolvecorruption
Surveys by and large do not have an exhaustive framework for

critically looking into all possible predictors of opinions on
government anti-corruption efforts
Survey items usually included are dependent on clients or
sponsors (or even the institutions) priority needs for monitoring
and are often restricted because of limited funding sources
SURVEYS ON CORRUPTION
IN THE PHILIPPINES WITH
BUSINESS LEADERS
AS RESPONDENTS

Businessmen or Expatriates
Institution
Name of Surveys
Type of Respondents
Social Weather Stations

(SWS)
Survey of Enterprises
(SE)
Filipino managers in NCR;

Cebu; Davao;
Cavite/Laguna/Batangas;
CDO/Iligan
Makati Business Club (MBC)
Executive Outlook
Surveys (EOS)
MBC members (mostly

businessmen in NCR)
Corruption in Asia Report
Regional Managers (Mostly

from Hong Kong and
Singapore)
Trends in corruption in
the Philippines
Philippine Expatriates from list

of foreign chambers in the
Phils.
Risk Analysis Reports
None (Assessments done by

risk analysis experts)
Corruption Perception
Index (CPI)
RP data = 12 surveys of
business people and
assessments by country
analysts from 8 independent
institutions (see next pages)
Bribe Payers Index 2002

(BPI)
Senior executives of domestic

and foreign companies in 15
emerging market economies
Political Economic Risk

Consultancy (PERC)
Transparency International
[CPI=independent institutions
conduct their surveys]
[BPI=implemented in the
Phils. by Asia Research
Organization ARO, a Gallup
Intl affiliate]

Independent Institutes: TI CPI Sources for RP data

Independent Institutes: TI CPI Sources for RP data (continued)



Businessmen or Expatriates: Methods
Instituti
on
Sponsors
Survey Schedule
Level of
Analysis
SWS-SE
Transparent Accountable
Governance (TAG)
project
Usually 1st few months

of the year (Jan to
April) = from 2000 to
2006
NCR, Cebu,
Davao,
Cavite/Laguna/Ba
tangas;
CDO/Iligan
MBC-EOS
Makati Business Club
Semestral (Jan and Oct

of every year)
MBC members
First time ever

November 2005
Refers to
Philippines as a
country
Usually January to
February
Refers to
Philippines as a
country
Varies by independent
institutions
Refers to
Philippines as a
country
First quarter 2002
NCR
PERC
Corruptio
n in Asia
PERC
Trends in
corruptio
n
TI CPI
TI BPIARO
Government institutions;
Foundations; Funding
Agencies; Business
Groups
Govt Dev Orgs;

Institutes; Foundations;
Public Institutions;
Global Corporations;
Private sector and
Individual Donations

Businessmen or Expatriates: Methods (continued)
Instituti
on
Methodology
Sample Sizes/MOE
SWS-SE
Panel survey (faceto-face interviews)
300 to 500 = NCR;

100 = Cebu; 100 =
Davao; 75 =
CDO/Iligan; 75 =
Cavite, Laguna
Batangas (CALABA)
MBC-EOS
Mail survey (selfadministered

surveys)
About 100 / No MOEs

applied
Selection of
respondents
Simple Random Sampling
for first survey; Panel
design for succeeding
surveys
All MBC members are sent
qres & response rates are
about 9% to 13%

Instituti
on
Methodology
PERC
Corruptio
n in Asia
Face-to-face
interviews for some;
mail survey for
others
PERC
Trends in
corruptio
n
Sample Sizes/MOE
Selection of
respondents
About 100 / No MOEs

applied
Random selection from a

secured list of regional
managers of top 500
companies (Mostly from
HK & Singapore)
Mail survey (selfadministered

surveys)
About 100 / No MOEs

applied
All those in a secured list

of Phil expats are sent
qres & response rate is
about 10%
TI CPI
Independent
agencies have their
own methods
(usually mail or
telephone surveys)
May vary across

independent
institutions
May vary across

independent institutions
TI BPIARO
Face-to-face
interviews
About 100 (for NCR

data)
Simple random sampling

for each major sector

Institution
Substitution
rules
SWS-SE
Replacements
in cases of
refusals
MBC-EOS
No sub rules;
Dependent on
response rates
Quality controls
Questionnaires
10% Field
observations; 20%
Spot-checking of
unsupervised
interviews
Face-to-face interviews;
FGDs conducted to finalize
survey agenda; Translated
in Tagalog & Cebuano
Minimal follow-ups
Self-administered by
respondents and mailed or
sent via fax to MBC
Surveys on Corruption among Businessmen

or Expatriates: Methods (continued)
Institution
Substitution
rules
Quality controls
Questionnaires
PERC
Corruption in
Asia
Replacements
in cases of
refusals
Minimal spot-checking
Some mailed responses;
Only answers questions on
the Phils. if they have
business interests here
PERC Trends
in corruption
No sub rules;
Dependent on
response rates
Minimal follow-ups
Self-administered and
mailed back to PERC
TI CPI
May vary
among different
agencies
May vary among

different agencies
May vary among different

agencies
TI BPI-ARO
Replacements
in cases of
refusals
Minimal follow-ups
Taglish may sometimes be
used

Institution
Data processing
Weighting
scheme
SWS-SE
SPSS; Done-in-house
In every study
area 1/3 large
companies & 2/3
SMEs; None when
data across areas
are aggregated
MBC-EOS
Excel; Manual counting

for some items; Not all
responses are encoded
None
Future plans

Institution
Data processing
Weighting
scheme
PERC
Corruption
in Asia
SPSS; Done in-house
None
PERC
Trends in
corruption
SPSS; Done in-house
None
TI CPI
Independent research
agencies do their own
data processing and
submit reports to TI-Berlin
Usually none
TI BPIARO
SPSS; Done in-house
None
Future plans
To expand the base &
samples by major
industry; Add more
demographics
including media
access; Will wait for
more feedback from
clients re: suggestions
To include more
demographics

or Expatriates: Data Gathered (continued)
Institutio
n

Extent of corruption in the public and private sector
In ones line of business, how many give bribes to win public &
private contracts
Transactions where company was asked for a bribe by government
Reporting of incidences of bribery
Perceived sincerity of govt agencies in fighting corruption
Government agencies & businesses with good reputations for not
being corrupt; bad reputations for being corrupt
Incidence of always demanding for receipts, always issuing
receipts, keeping one set of books only, paying taxes honestly
Willingness to fund an anti-corruption fund
Interest in supporting activities of anti-corruption groups
Awareness of Coalition Against Corruption (CAC)
Government projects companies are interested to monitor; Bids &
awards committees companies are interested to join
SWS-SE
MBC-EOS
Important issues the President should address in the next 6

months (where corruption is included)

Institutio
n
PERC
Corrupti
on in
Asia
Likelihood of high government officials demanding special payments

directly or through their family/friends
Likelihood of civil servants and lower-level government officials
demanding special payments or favors for such services as issuing
business licenses, tax assessments, various permits and inspection
certificates
Effectiveness of judicial system in prosecuting, punishing individuals
for uncovered corruption abuses
Seriousness of govt to fight corruption
Average citizens tolerance for corruption
Extent of corruption in the private sector
Perceived trends in corruption
Extent of corruption being a deterrent to willingness to invest or
expand business
Extent by which corruption detracts from the attractiveness of the
overall business environment

Institutio
n
PERC
Trends
in
corrupti
on
Seriousness of problem of corruption in the public & private sector

Effectiveness of judicial system in prosecuting, punishing individuals
for uncovered corruption abuses
Seriousness of govt to fight corruption
Average citizens tolerance for corruption
Perceived trends in corruption
Extent of corruption being a deterrent to willingness to invest or
expand business

Businessmen or Expatriates: Data Gathered
(continued)
Institutio
n
TI CPI
Question items vary across independent institutions but often

includes extent of corruption in the country
Likelihood companies from the specific countries are to pay or offer

bribes in order to stay or retain business in this country
Likelihood that senior officials would demand or accept bribes for
public tenders, regulations, licensing in specific business sectors
Two sectors where the biggest bribes are likely to be paid
Best description for the OECD Convention on combating bribery of
foreign public officials in international business transactions (AntiBribery Convention)
Manner by which organization is responding to the OECD
Convention
First solution to corruption if one had a magic wand
Sources of respondents information
Change in the level of corruption in this country in the past 5 years
Factors which affected changes in level of corruption in the past 5
years
Means by which government gains unfair advantage
Top three governments associated with using other means to gain
unfair advantage
TI BPIARO

Businessmen or Expatriates: Statistical
Tools Used
Institution
Statistical tools used to analyze data on corruption

Data can be tabulated by study area, gender, industry,
employment size and other socio-demographic variables
SWS-SE
MBC-EOS
Frequencies,
PERC Corruption in
Asia
Simple
average
PERC Trends in
corruption
Simple
average
TI CPI
Simple
average
TI BPI-ARO
Mean, Median
Frequencies, Mean, Median [ARO directly submits to Gallup

International whose data is used as source by Transparency
International]

Businessmen or Expatriates: Highlights of
Findings
Instituti
on
SWS-SE
MBC-EOS
Public sector corruption remains very high

Ratings of most agencies sincerity in fighting corruption are lower in
2005
Exceptional bright spots are decreasing bribe-solicitation re (a) local
govt. permits/licenses and (b) income tax payments
Private sector corruption and failure to follow honest business
practices continue
Private sector willingness to fund an anti-corruption program has
risen steadily
Managers are enthusiastic about participating, even personally, in
monitoring government projects and in government Bids and Awards
Committees
Conditions look favorable for ultimate success of the Coalition on
Corruption
Corruption ranks first among the important challenges or issues the
President should address in the next 6 months in most recent
survey; Corruption always included in past surveys

Findings
Instituti
on
PERC
Corrupti
on in
Asia
PERC
Trends in
corruptio
n
Two main problems of the Phils with corruption are: 1) every level of
govt & private sector is affected by corruption and 2) public
relations dimension (rampant rumour-mongering & political
mudslinging)
Publics extreme tolerance for corruption and widespread feeling of
helplessness
Perceptions of worsening levels of corruption makes companies say
they approach the Phils with caution
Problem may not be as bad as it looks but touches many parts of
the system that it will be extremely difficult to root out
Country is doing well despite political problems (May 2006 release)
and it helps that the Philippines has stayed out of the news
Foreign exchange remittances from OFWs greatly helping the
economy
Systemic risks (which includes the ff. variables: corruption,
nationalism & cultural risks, institutional weakness) always garners
the lowest in rating; this pulls the risk index higher

Findings
Institutio
n
TI CPI
In the 2004 survey round, the Philippines ranks as the fifth most
corrupt (together with Papua New Guinea and Vietnam) in the Asia
Pacific. This has deteriorated compared to 2003 results.
For the 2005 survey round, the Philippines ranks 117th in the world
[lowest is ranked 158th]
TI BPIARO (No
specific
report on
RP only)
Public works & construction, followed by armed and defence

perceived to be most corrupt sectors
Low level of awareness on OECD Anti-Corruption Convention
Courts perceived to be the best means to solve corruption (given a
magic wand)
Top sources of information are from colleagues, friends, clients; from
press, media reports; from personal experience
Level of corruption in past 5 years remained about the same
Public tolerance affected increases in incidence of corruption and
greater press freedom affected decreases in levels of corruption
US, France, UK: Top 3 governments said to be using other means to
gain unfair advantage

Businessmen or Expatriates: Public
Institutio
Dissemination
Press releases
Databank & Publications
n
SWS-SE
Media writes reports on it after the

public briefing is conducted
Data, for so long as no longer

embargoed, can be accessed by the
public for a fee
MBC-EOS
Write-ups regularly posted in

website and is distributed to media
No archiving of data; Raw data not

for public access; Executive Outlook
Survey results published in website
PERC
Corruption
in Asia
One-page press release given to

clients and not to media
Raw data not for public access;

Consolidated report is for clients
only (like TI) called Corruption in
Asia Report
PERC
Trends in
corruption
Associated France Press (AFP) buys

the report and local media gets a
copy from wire service reports (and
are often misreported)
Raw data not for public access;

Asian Intelligence Report;
Philippine Risk Rating Update
TI CPI
TI posts results in its website;

Usually press gets a one-page
summary of rankings in the world &
the Asia Pacific

website; Raw data not accessible
TI BPIARO
ARO Releases are for selected

clients and not for media; TI posts
results in its website

website; Raw data not accessible

Businessmen or Expatriates: Comments on SWS
Methods
Simple random sampling instead of a panel survey every round should

be considered
Should consider the use of weights when aggregating responses of the

different study areas
May want to pursue the use of the sealed-envelope technique in

interviewing especially for sensitive issues on corruption

Businessmen or Expatriates: Comments on MBC
Methods
May want to improve method of collecting data; there is a need to

ensure that those who answer the forms are the MBC members and are
not accomplished by secretaries or assistants
Although response rates are decent, there is a need to ensure that

profile of sample reflects actual demographics of MBC members; Those
who did not respond may be significantly different from those who
responded
Should consider a more advanced method of tabulating responses to

improve quality control
Should consider archiving their data

Can possibly make generalizations about MBC members opinions but
not necessarily all businessmen

Businessmen or Expatriates: Comments on PERC
Methods
Demographics like nationality, sector, industry, media access and
sources of information or basis for opinions should also be monitored.
Items like incidences of actual bribery experience or first-hand stories can
also be included.
Reports should be qualified as opinions of regional managers who are
mostly based in HK and Singapore and/or Philippine expatriates
Although response rates are decent, there is a need to ensure that
profile of sample reflects actual demographics of regional managers and
Philippine expatriates
Reports tend to mix analysts expert opinion with data culled from
surveys

Businessmen or Expatriates: Comments on TIPhil. Methods
Since independent institutions are the sources of the data, the
differences in methods & target respondents may have its effects
But these effects seem to be negligible when scores were standardized,

averaged and subjected to beta transformations as well as correlations to
create a more reliable index, thus validating the reliability of the results
It would be great if they could include predictors of perceptions or

variables measuring impact of media attention and sources of information
in their analysis of the results
Varying cultural contexts across countries may have its effects on how
incidences of corruption are reported
Generalizations on the validity of the

surveys
Not all the surveys follow strict probability methods for respondent
selection
Caution should be exercised for results of surveys whose response
rates may be decent but are not validated with demographics of
population under study
Results should be qualified (or understood) as responses of a
particular segment or type of businessmen and this differs for every
institution conducting the surveys
The consistency of patterns in responses across institutions (even if
they have different types of respondents & methods) somehow gives
validity to the perceptions on corruption levels in the country
Insights from Data Results

Media reports have a big impact on perceptions
Word of mouth by colleagues and friends also affect perceptions
When looking at the 2005 TI-CPI RP data, the high-low range of
scores is 2.3 to 2.8, indicating variability in responses and RP ranking
may actually be between 97 to 130 (117) but scores are still
relatively low
Status of high profile corruption cases easily gets the attention of
analysts, businessmen, and expatriates
Systems and efforts that will help sustain decreasing incidences of
bribery in public transactions should be maintained
THE NATIONAL INTEGRITY

SYSTEM (NIS)
A study by Transparency InternationalPhilippines
2006
Background
The concept of the National Integrity System (NIS) has been developed
and promoted by TI as part of its holistic approach to countering
corruption.
The NIS consists of the key institutions, laws and practices that contribute
to integrity, transparency and accountability in a society. When it functions
properly, the NIS combats corruption as part of the larger struggle against
abuse of power, malfeasance, and misappropriation in all its forms.
The NIS approach provides a framework with which to analyze both the
extent and causes of corruption in a given national context, as well as the
adequacy and effectiveness of national anti-corruption efforts.
By diagnosing the strengths and weaknesses of a particular integrity

system, an evaluation based on the NIS can help inform anti-corruption
advocacy and reform efforts.
Background
(continued)
The main pillars of the NIS are considered to be the following:
Executive
Ombudsman
Legislature
Anti-corruption agencies
Political Parties
Media
Electoral Commissions
Civil Society
Supreme Audit Institution
Private Sector
Judiciary
Regional and Local Government
Public Sector
International Institutions
Police and Prosecutors
Public Procurement
What is the National Integrity System
TIs National Integrity System (NIS) country studies are qualitative reports
that provide a detailed and nuanced assessment of anti-corruption systems
at country level.
Via these studies, TI aims to provide an overview of the National Integrity

Systems in countries from all regions of the world.
The studies provide both benchmarks for measuring further developments

in these countries, and a basis for comparison among countries.
TI believes it is necessary to understand the provision for and capacity of

National Integrity Systems to be able to diagnose corruption risks.
TI-Philippines: Goals of the NIS

Project
The Philippine Chapter of TI is the one spearheading the study
Their goals are to
Undertake a survey regarding the basic state pillars and bring

recommendations on how to reduce corruption in this institutions
Publish the survey in National Integrity System Study in English language
Promote results of National Integrity System Study trough mass media
Stimulate broader public discussion on anti-corruption issues
Strength the rule of the law
Improve accountability and transparency of the public sector
TI-Philippines: Project Activities
Investigation of the corruption phenomenon on the ground i.e.

in 11 basic state pillars (Government, Parliament, Judiciary,
Prosecutors, Police,)
Printing of the National Integrity System Study
Media presentation
Distribution of the Study
TI-Philippines: Methods Used
Dr. Gabriella Quimson (of the Griffith University) is the consultant of TI

Philippines on this project. She had accepted a 6-month project with AUSAID.
In a recent interview via phone (to Australia) she says she would not yet be
in a position to disclose details on methodology and results until the project
is completely finished and TI gives the go signal
A focus group discussion was held in late June 2006 to present the initial
results to various stakeholders but this did not prove to be productive
enough for concrete validation of results
According to a 2-page summary of the initial results, the study utilized

institutional research and news reports to gather data for the study and
interviews were no longer conducted
The report has not been finalized and a summary of findings is the only
available release on the study
A second draft of the report is being prepared and more FGDs for validation
of results will be conducted among stakeholders in the coming months
Comments on the TI-Philippines Method for

the NIS Study
The failure of Dr. Quimson to be there during the presentation
of initial results has been a great factor in the inability to
explain in great detail the methods used and conclusions
reached by TI-Phils for the study
The initial plan to conduct in-depth interviews would have been
a good parallel method together with institutional research and
gathering of data from news reports (the latter was cited as the
method used based on the 2-page summary released)
It would be essential to get hold of a copy of the full report
before any comprehensive assessments of the methods and the
findings of TI Phils for the NIS study can be made
A second draft of the report is being prepared and FGDs will
again be held to present the results to various stakeholders
before the report is finalized -- which can shed better light on
methods used
SUGGESTIONS
Suggestions TO GOVERNMENT
Govt agencies have to have a clear, comprehensive and inter-linked plan for
combating corruption and disseminate to the public in simple laymans terms
Govt institutions should aggressively & unceasingly trumpet gains in anticorruption efforts in the tri-media
A regular TV, radio, newspaper blitz or peryodikit in barangays on anticorruption programs & updates should be sustained
Hotlines for reporting cases of corruption should be propagated and
popularized
School curricula should incorporate values which would foster a society
intolerable to corruption
Linkages and joint efforts of religious and civic organizations with govt should
be popularly disseminated
Strong grassroots (barangay level) support to create a continuing momentum
for anti-corruption efforts
Broadcast or publish names of people with cases of graft and resolution
(updates) reached on these cases
Suggestions TO GOVERNMENT
Actively encourage business to participate in anti-corruption activities (sit in
bidding and awards committees, contribute to anti-graft funds, etc.) and
acknowledge their anti-corruption efforts
Have a database of members of the business community, regional managers

(especially in HK and Singapore), expatriates & their respective networks and create
a regular means of updating them of governments anti-corruption efforts through an
email system or newsletter distribution
Follow through the corruption fund they are willing to put up in order to strengthen
anti-corruption efforts and plan with them who, how and where it should be
disbursed
Set-up a regular schedule of meeting with business or be included in their forums

where govt can inform them of recent actions, solicit their assistance and
suggestions
Know where businessmen are susceptible to corruption and focus anti-corruption

efforts there [Mine the survey data]
Transactions to watch out for: local & national govt permits and licensing,
income payments, import/export regulations, receivables from govt [simplifying

processes and transactions will greatly help]
Sectors to watch out for: construction, defence, import/export, logging & lumber
Agencies to focus on: BIR, BoC, DPWH, AFP, PNP, DENR, LTO
Make business groups & networks realize the importance of promoting strong
private sector (business) ethics to help prevent corruption
Suggestions to the PRIVATE/BUSINESS

SECTOR
Continue to be active in anti-corruption efforts especially in sectors
vulnerable to corruption (construction, defence, import/export, logging &

lumber) and in crucial agencies (BIR, BoC, DPWH, AFP, PNP, DENR)
Take steps to make the plans for an anti-corruption fund realizable
Undertake mechanisms for policing own ranks against corruption by
practicing strong business ethics and corporate governance within their

spheres of influence
Be more diligent in demanding for receipts, always issuing receipts,
keeping one set of books only, and paying taxes honestly
Suggestions to SURVEY RESEARCH

COMPANIES
Be more transparent and comprehensive in reporting research methods used for
studies made public

Consider archiving data results so that they may be validated and/ or mined by
other interested parties

Continually assess, evaluate and improve methods of research (from sampling to
questionnaire design to data processing and analysis) so that credibility and integrity
will be protected
Be meticulous in applying error margins and confidence intervals when interpreting
survey data results [Note: Standard error margins and confidence intervals used are
applicable only to methods using simple random sampling (SRS) and therefore
allowances should be made for multi-stage methods]
Exercise caution in reporting survey findings and making generalizations and
conclusions when non-probability methods are used
Suggestions to MEDIA
Take pains to report properly survey methods used and survey
results; being wary of sound bites which may be misleading
Exercise more responsibility in doing further research on studies

on corruption rather than taking everything at face value as
reported by the survey firms
Consider good news (positive actions, improved efforts,

encouraging updates) in the battle against corruption equally as
important to report and publish as the negative news on corruption
Give as much space and airtime to positive developments and

news in the fight against corruption as a means to encourage
integrity champions and honest officials & employees in government
Focus reports not only on corrupt national officials but also

against corrupt local executives, corrupt businessmen and corrupt
private individuals
Suggestions to CIVIL SOCIETY

Continue efforts to help the public sector in its difficult task of
fighting corruption by:
Assisting in info-dissemination on ways to prevent corruption

Propagating gains in anti-corruption efforts
Being critical of government lapses but proactive in its efforts
and suggestions to help curb corruption
Being active in joint efforts with government like participation
in Biddings and Awards Committees (BACs)
Explore other creative means of participation in boosting anticorruption efforts especially those that will encourage integrity
champions and honest government officials and employees
Aid in gathering evidences not only against corrupt national
officials but also against corrupt local executives, corrupt
businessmen and corrupt private individuals
END OF PRESENTATION
Maraming Salamat
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REVERSE ENGINEERING OF

LOCAL & INTERNATIONAL SURVEYS ON CORRUPTION

A Project funded under the

Several studies and surveys showing the Philippines as one of the

These reports have painted the image of a graft-ridden country

The most prominent of these agencies which regularly conducts

Social Weather Stations, Inc.

Pulse Asia, Inc.

Ibon Foundation, Inc.

Makati Business Club

Political Economic Risk Consultancy (PERC) Ltd.

Transparency International (TI)

There is a need to review current studies and surveys being conducted

Gathering of materials, reports, raw data (both soft

Social Weather Stations (SWS)

Pulse Asia Inc.

IBON Foundation, Inc.

Makati Business Club (MBC)

Political Economic Risk Consultancy (PERC)

Transparency International (TI)

Data gathering on whats available on the internet.

In-depth interviews with the following key informants:

Mr. Robert Broadfoot, PERC Managing Director

Judge Dolores Espanol, Transparency Intl RP Chapter

Mr. Antonio Tujan Jr., Ibon Foundation, Inc.

Ms. Rosario Bella Guzman, Ibon Foundation, Inc. Executive Director

Ms. Linda Luz Guerrero, SWS VP & Chief Operating Officer

Ms. Germie Caron, SWS Field Specialist

Mr. Jojo Carlom, Pulse Asia Statistics Supervisor

Ms. Zon Langrio, TNS-Trends Field Director

Mr. Angel Almojuela, Asia Research Organization (ARO) President

Review of written reports

SWS Survey of Enterprises

Pulse Asia Ulat ng Bayan visuals

Transparency International reports

Further statistical analysis of raw data made available

SWS and Pulse Asia

In the course of talking with key informants from these

Since the review of the surveys included in the study was

The study does not intend to conclude which survey is more

Surveys on Corruption conducted among

All are Ibonsponsored

All are TIsponsored

the Phils. by Asia

Surveys on Corruption conducted among

Sample Sizes / MOE

1,200 RP [300 NCR; 300

1200 RP [300 NCR; 300

1,000 RP [Allocated based

Surveys on Corruption conducted among

17 in NCR; 15 in Balance Luz; 15

60 barangays each in NCR; Balance

17 in NCR; 15 in Balance Luz; 15

60 precincts in NCR; 60 spots (precincts

13 in NCR; 52 in Balance Luz, 33

13 barangays in NCR; 52 in Balance

17 in NCR; 8 in Balance Luzon; 4

17 barangays in NCR; 35 in Balance

Surveys on Corruption conducted among

Selection of Households (HH)

5 HHs per barangay are chosen from a

Probability selection key

5 HHs per barangay are chosen from random

Probability selection key