POWER TRANSFORMER

PRESENTATION
BY

HITESH KUMAR
MANAGER(T)
PROTECTION
DELHI TRANSCO
LIMITED

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Power Transformer 100 MVA,220/6633/11 kV

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WHAT IS A TRANSFORMER?
Transformer is a static piece of apparatus by
means of which electric power is transferred from
one circuit to another without change in
frequency. It can raise or lower the voltages with
a corresponding decrease or increase in current.
It
is
accomplished
by
Faradays
law
of
electromagnetic induction. In simplest form, a
transformer consists of two conducting coils
having mutual inductance. The primary winding is
one, which receives electric power from the
supply, and the secondary winding is the one,
which delivers electric power to the load. The
coils are wound on a laminated core of magnetic
material. It operates on the principle of mutual
inductance between the two circuits linked by a
common magnetic flux through a path of low
reluctance.

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MAIN COMPONENTS OF
Windings & Tapings (Primary, secondary, tertiary).
TRANSFORMER

Core.
Frame.
Insulation (paper, perma wood, oil).
OLTC (on load tap changer).
Turret CTs
Main tank.
Bushings(condenser/non condenser type).
Cable sealing box.
Oil conservator tank and dehydrating breather.
MOG
Siphon system (alumina).
Diaphragm/ explosion vent.

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MAIN COMPONENTS OF
TRANSFORMER
Buchholz relay(above 500 KVA transformer).

OSR (oil surge relay)

PRV/SPR
Cooling system (fans, pumps, radiators).
WTI/OTI

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WHY MAINTENANCE ?

HUMAN SAFETY
EQUIPMENT LIFE
COST OF BREAK DOWN
TIME & COST OF REPAIR
RELIABILITY OF SERVICE

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WHY MAINTENANCE IS REQUIRED ?
To avoid premature failure.
REASON OF FAILURE OF TRANSFORMERS:
1. Faulty design and construction.
2. Incorrect erection, operation and maintenance.
3. Wear and tear, aging and other deterioration.
4. Accidents
COMPONENTS
AFFECTING
THE
LIFE
OF
TRANSFORMERS:
1. Insulation.
2. Oil.
INSULATION FAILURE DUE TO: Aging ( function of time and temperature).
Oil contamination.
Heating (over voltages/over loading/loose
connections/poor cooling).
High voltage surges (lightning/switching surges).
Mechanical forces due to external faults.

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TYPES OF MAINTENANCE:

BREAK DOWN MAINTENANCE

PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE
CONDITION BASED MAINTENANCE
RELIABILITY CENTRED MAINTENANCE

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Maintenance of :

Oil
Core and winding
Bushings
Conservator oil preservation system (COPS) and
magnetic
oil gauge
Dehydrating breather
Buchholz relay
Temperature indicators
Cooling system
OLTC (diverter/selector switch)

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Maintenance Schedule (CBIP):
1. Hourly:
1. Ambient temperature
2. Winding temperature 3. Oil temperature
4. Load(Amp) 5.
Voltage
6. Tap Position
1. Daily:
1. Oil Levels 2. Oil Level/colour in bushings
3.
Breather 4. Leakage of water 5.Cooling System
2. Quarterly:1. Bushings. 2 Oil leaks(indoor transformers)

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Maintenance Schedule (CBIP):
3.Yearly:
1.Physical check of oil levels.
2. Oil quality (DGA).
3. Cooling system.
4. OLTC.
5. WTI/OTI calibration.
6. Buchholz relay.
7. Protection system.
8. Earth resistance.
9. Tan delta of bushings & windings.
10. PI.
11. Cable boxes, connections.

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Maintenance Schedule (CBIP):
4. 10 Yearly:
and coils.
5. 20 Years:

1. Overall inspection of core

1. Life assessment.

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Maintenance Schedule (BHEL):
1. Hourly:
1. Amb temp.
2. Winding temp.
3. Oil temp.
4. Load amp/ load voltage.
2. Daily:
1. Oil level in main conservator tank.
2. Oil level in tap changer diverter
switch.
3. oil level in bushings.
4. Pipe and accessories for
leakages.

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Maintenance Schedule (BHEL):
3. Monthly:
1. Buchholz relay.
2. Dehydrating breather (silica gel).
3. Leakage of water in to cooler.
4. Quarterly:
1. Bushings.
2. Transformer oil and tap changer oil
(BDV & moisture).
3. Cooling system.
4. OLTC.
5. Dehydrating breather (oil & air
passages).

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Maintenance Schedule (BHEL):

5. Yearly:
1. Oil quality (DGA).
2. Cable boxes. 3. Alarms and protection circuit.
4. Oil level in OTI/WTI.
5. Earth strips.
6. Packing gasket of fans.
7. Fan motors.
8. Tank and accessories.
9. Gasket joints.
10. Diverter switch inspection/servicing/oil filtration.
11. Cleaning/ touchup Painting of tank
cover/conservator.
12. Bushing top connections.

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Maintenance Schedule (BHEL):
6. Two yearly:
1. Conservator oil preservation system
(COPS) and oil gauge
2. Transformer oil examination as per
IS:1866.
3. Buchholz relay.
7. 7-10 yearly:
1. Transformer and tap changer assembly
(overall
internal inspection including
lifting of core and
coil assembly).

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BUCHHOLZ RELAY
Operation depends on nature of fault
1. Minor faults (Alarm):
a) Failure of insulation of core bolts.

b) Over heating.

c) Capacitance discharge to earth.

d) Corona discharge in
bad oil.
e) Release of air from fresh oil, winding, core etc.
2. Major faults (Trip):
a) Short circuit in windings, winding turns, winding taps.
b) Bushing puncture.
c) Open circuit.
3. Mechanical fault (Alarm/Trip):
a) Oil in relay sinks down.

b) Loss of oil, oil

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On-Line
Monitoring
1.
DGA to be
monitored on all transformers
periodically. Periodicity depends on the nature
of evaluation of gases.
2. HYDRANE directly mounted on the
transformer and in contact with transformer
oil.
The use of this device is to detect the change
in fault gases, to monitor their evolution. As
an alarm is triggered oil is sampled from the
transformer to evaluate the nature and
severity of the fault.

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3. Acoustic PD measurement.
In case DGA results indicate the presence of high
discharges Acoustic PD measurement is done.
Acoustic PD detector consists of sensor which can
sense sound vibrations produced due to occurrence
of discharges in oil.
The sensor has pre-amplifier and filter circuit to
eliminate environmental noise.
4 Infrared thermography
With the help of infrared thermo-vision camera, the
thermo-image of transformer is prepared
This scanning helps in detecting overheated zones,
loose & corroded connection.

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LAMINATED CORE

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CONDUCTORS

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WINDINGS

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WINDING

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Winding

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Complete Core Coil Assembly with OLTCs

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CORE COIL ASSEMBLY

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CORE & COIL ASSEMBLY

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Internal View:

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Diverter Switch

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Diverter Switch

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DIVERTER SWITCH CHAMBER

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Selector Switch

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OLTC Equalizing Pipes

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Bushing CT/ Bushing Bottom Terminal Connection

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HV Condenser bushing

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Neutral Bushing

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LV Bushing

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Lead and bus

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Frame and Winding

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Turret & Turret CT

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Turret & Turret CT Terminals

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Turret CT.

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Turret CT.

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OTI with alarm & trip contacts.
trip contacts.

WTI with alarm &

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Magnetic oil gauge with low level alarm/trip contact.

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Oil Conservator Tank

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Silica gel breather

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Alumina for Siphon
THERMOSYPHON
Activated Alumina is used
It helps in absorbing acids and gases present in
insulating oil.
Improves oil properties.
Can be re generated at 140-210C
Comprises of
Al2 O3 (Aluminum Oxide)
93%
Na2O3 (Sodium carbonate)
0.7%
Fe2O3 (iron oxide)
0.1%
SiO2
(Silicon dioxide)
0.1%
Loss of ignition
6.0%
(at 1100C)

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Magnetic oil gauge with low level alarm contact.

Indicates
oil
level
in
transformer
conservator tank.
Shows relation between temperature &
volume.

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Buchholz relay with alarm & trip contacts.

A protective device for oil immersed

transformers.
Provides alarm & trip facility.
Generated gases is collected in this relay
and gives alarm.
Installed generally in transformers of
1600 KVA rating.

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Buchholz relay

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Buchholz relay

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Buchholz relay

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Buchholz relay

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Buchholz relay

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Buchholz relay

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Buchholz relay

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Sudden pressure relay
Very sensitive safety device.
Provides alarm & trip facility.
Works on the principle of
differential pressure.
Senses rate of change of
pressure
( App. 0.25 kg/cm 20% ,
Fukunda
Instrument co. ).

Transformer trips on
abnormality.
Used in large EHV class
transformers.

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Pressure relief valve.

A safety device.
Provides alarm & trip facility.
Releases pressure excess to pre-set value
( 0. 50 0.60 kg/cm ).

Installed in transformers of rating

KVA.

500

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Testing of PRV

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PRV Testing

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Transformer Testing in Work Shop

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Impulse Generator

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Testing in Work Shop

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Transformer Testing in Work Shop

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100 MVA/220 66-330/11kV Pr. Tr. (ERECTION)

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315 MVA 400/220/33 kV

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100 MVA, 220/66-33/11 kV Pr. Tr.

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100 MVA 220/66-33/11kV

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100MVA 220/66-33/11kV

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100 MVA, 220/66-33/11 kV Pr. Tr.

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100 MVA 220/66-33/11 kV

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100MVA 220/66-33/11kV

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100 MVA 220/66-33/11 kV Tr. All LV bushings damaged

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100 MVA 220/66-33/11 kV Power Transformer

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16 MVA 33/11kV

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220 kV Condenser Bushing

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16 MVA 33/11 kV Pr. Tr.

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16 MVA,33/11 kV Pr. Tr.

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Contact Resistance Measurement

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16 MVA 33/11kV Pr. Tr. LV winding Ph-N shorted

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16 MVA, 33/11kV Pr. Tr.

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Internal View of Top of 220 kV Bushing

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OSR(Oil Surge Relay)

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Oil surge relay for OLTC with trip contact.

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Core and Frame

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TOP CORE & FRAME ASSEMBLY

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TOP CORE & FRAME ASSEMBLY

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HV Leads

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LV Leads

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OLTC TAP CHANGING:
Tap 2

6
5
4
3
2
1

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OLTC TAP CHANGING:
Tap 2=>3

6
5
4
3
2
1

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OLTC TAP CHANGING:
Tap 2=>3

6
5
4
3
2
1

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OLTC TAP CHANGING:
Tap 2=>3

6
5
4
3
2
1

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OLTC TAP CHANGING:
Tap 3

6
5
4
3
2
1

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Infrared Thermography

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Bushing current monitoring

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River Crossing: What a beautiful arrangement?

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Ohh..

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INSULATION MEASUREMENT OF CORE & FRAME

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66 KV BUSHING

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66-33 KV BUSHING
& LEADS

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OLTC ASSEMBLY

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11 KV BUSHING &
LEADS

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CORE & FRAME

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RATIO CHANGING LINKS

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COPS