TRANSFORMER

PROTECTION
PRESENTATION
BY

HITESH KUMAR
MANAGER (T)
PROTECTION

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
What is a Transformer?
Transformer is a static piece of apparatus by
means of which electric power is transferred
from one circuit to another without change in
frequency. It can raise or lower the voltages
with a corresponding decrease or increase in
current. It is accomplished by Faradays law of
electromagnetic induction. In simplest form, a
transformer consists of two conducting coils
having mutual inductance. The primary
winding is one, which receives electric power
from the supply, and the secondary winding is
the one, which delivers to the load. The coils
are wound on a laminated core of magnetic
material. It operates on
the principle of
mutual inductance between the two circuits
linked by a common magnetic flux through a
path of low reluctance.

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
Failure of Transformers:
Insulation failure due to: Aging ( function of time and temperature).
Heating (Over voltages/over loading/loose
connections/poor cooling).
High voltage surges (lightning/Switching
surges).
Mechanical forces due to external faults.

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
NRPC recommendations:
400/220 kV and 220/66/33kV Power Transformers.
All windings of power transformers of EHT class
shall be protected by differential relays, REF
relay for HV & LV windings. Two separate relays
to be provided for Main Protection e.g.
differential and REF and Back up relay should
be separate. Over-fluxing relays shall be
provided for EHT transformers.
In addition
there shall be back up time lag over current
and earth fault protection.
For parallel
operation such as back up protection shall have
a directional feature. For protection against
heavy short circuits, the over current relays
should
incorporate
with
a
high
set
instantaneous element.
In addition to
electrical protection, gas operated relays,
sudden pressure/PRV winding temperature
protection and oil temperature protection shall
be provided.

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
400/220 kV Transformers (HV side):
Directional 2O/C and 1 directional E/F relay, REF relay.
400/220 kV Transformers (LV side):
Directional 2O/C and 1 directional E/F relay, REF relay.
Common relays:
Numerical differential relay and separate REFs, over
load, Over flux, Buchholz, OLTC Buchholz (OSR), PRV,
OTI, WTI.SPR.
220 / 66-33 / 11kV Transformers (HV side):
2O/C and 1 E/F relay, REF.
220 / 66-33 / 11kV Transformers (LV side):
2O/C and 1 E/F relay, REF
Common relays:
Numerical differential relay and separate REFs, Over
flux, Buchholz, OLTC Buchholz, PRV, OTI, WTI.SPR.

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
Magnetic oil gauge with low level alarm contact.

Indicates
oil
level
in
transformer
conservator tank.
Shows relation between temperature &
volume.

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
Magnetic oil gauge with low level alarm/trip contact.

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
Buchholz relay with alarm & trip contacts.

A protective device for oil immersed

transformers.
Provides alarm & trip facility.
Generated gases is collected in this relay
and gives alarm.
Installed generally in transformers of
1600 KVA rating.

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
Oil surge relay for OLTC with trip contact.

Alarm element Operates When a

specified volume

of gas gets collected in Chamber during

Broken down core bolt
insulation
Shorted Laminations
Bad Contacts
Overheating of
winding parts

Trip element Operates by Oil surge in

the event of serious fault
Short Circuit between
Winding Phases or
within Windings
Puncture of Bushing

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
Pressure relief valve.

A safety device.
Provides alarm & trip facility.
Releases pressure excess to pre-set value
( 0. 50 0.60 kg/cm ).

Installed
500KVA.

in

transformers

of

rating

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
Sudden pressure relay
Very sensitive safety device.
Provides alarm & trip facility.
Works on the principle of
differential pressure.
Senses rate of change of
pressure
( App. 0.25 kg/cm 20% ,
Fukunda
Instrument co. ).

Transformer trips on
abnormality.
Used in large EHV class
transformers.

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
OTI with alarm & trip contacts.
WTI with alarm & trip contacts.

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
Protection and monitors shall be divided in two
groups viz. Gr A and Gr B at 400kV.
Given below is the way of grouping these
protections:
Group A
Group B
Transformer biased
differential relay
Protection
Back up Protection(HV)

R.E.F Protection
Buchholz
Back up Protection(MV)

Over fluxing protection(HV)

protection(MV)

Over fluxing

Oil temperature high tripping

Overload protection

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
Group A
Group B
Oil temperature high tripping
(Alarm only)

Overload protection
winding,

temperature high tripping

Pressure relief tripping
tripping

OLTC Buchholz

Delta winding protection

tripping

Oil level high/low

Group A and B protections shall be connected to

separate DC source/ separately fused supplies.
DC sources shall be supervised.

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
A true Main-2 protection scheme is not provided in case
of transformers. As operating requirements change the
level of Main-2 protection may need to be re-evaluated
Numerical relays offer the best characteristic since
digital filters remove harmonics and DC offset currents
from the inrush. Numerical back-up over current relays can
therefore be set much more sensitive than conventional
relays.
Harmonic restraint will be required to obtain sensitive
settings in case of zero sequence over current relays
Sometimes security is a problem In case of Buchholz
relays. The addition of an over current blocking relay,
which blocks or slows down the tripping, may be used to
improve security of the devices
For mechanical type of fault detectors like Buchholz and
PRDs, duplicating of the initiating contacts may be
considered.

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
For grid transformers, application of over excitation
protection is not considered as necessary.
Power transformers can withstand overloads for
some
time. Therefore selective protection and monitoring
and load management should be done. Tripping of the
transformer should be the last action.
Fast clearance of faults in the transformer is important
for stability of the system. Requirement of through
fault withstand is also important. Protections provided
should meet these requirements.

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
Where Fire protection is provided the contacts should
be wired to trip both Group-A and Group-B trip relays.
For 132 kV level transformer where two separate DC
sources are not provided, the protections may be
grouped in two groups connected to separately fused
DC sources. One gets to use two trip relays in this
case, which is advantageous.

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
Normal Condition (No Ter Winding):
R1

R2

Y1

Y2

B1

B2

Im/1

V1

E1

E2

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
SLG Fault (No Ter Winding):
R1

R2

Y1

Y2

B1

B2

Im/1
V1
I2F/F

E1

I1FF

E2
I2F/F

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
Normal Condition (No Ter Winding):
IA=

R1

R2

IA=

IB=

Y1

Y2

IB=

IC=

B1

B2

IC=

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
SLG Fault (No Ter Winding):
IA=

R1

R2

IA=

IB=

Y1

Y2

IB=

IC=

B1

B2

IC=

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
Normal Condition with Ter Winding:
IA=
IB=
IC=

R1

B3

Y1

R3

R3
Y3

B1

Y3

B3
IA=
IB=
IC=

R2

IA=

Y2

IB=

B2

IC=

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
Line Fault with Ter Winding:
IA=
IB=
IC=

R1

B3

Y1

R3

R3
Y3

B1

Y3

B3
IA=
IB=
IC=

R2

IA=

Y2

IB=

B2

IC=

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
Comparison(No Ter/ with Ter
Winding):
IA=
R1

R2

IA=

IB=

Y1

Y2

IB=

IC=

B1

B2

IC=

IA=
IB=
IC=

R1

B3

R3

R2

Y1

R3

Y3

Y2

B1

Y3

B3

B2

IA=
IB=
IC=

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
Normal Condition with Ter Winding:
R2

R1

B3

R3

Y1

R3

Y3

Y2

B1

Y3

B3

B2

Im/1

V1

E1

E3

Resultant Voltage in Delta Connected Ter Winding =zero

E2

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
SLG Fault with Ter Winding:
R2

R1

B3

R3

Y1

R3

Y3

Y2

B1

Y3

B3

B2

I01

I03

3I02

3I01

I2F

3I02

Im/1

1.

V1

E1

I1FF

I2F/F

I2F/F
0

I03/0

=>

2.

E2

E3

V01

V03 E3

V03 E3

=>

I01

Resultant Voltage V0 in Delta Connected Ter Winding will

generate I0, 0 & V0 in other windings.

V02
I02

Transformer

Normal conditions
I1/1

IL + I1
1

V1

E1

I2
E2
2
I2/2

E3
I3/3

I3
3

Resultant Voltage in Delta

Connected Ter Winding =zero

Transformer

During SLG Fault in LV side

0

IL + I1
V0/I0
V01
I01

V02

E2/I2F
V0/I0

I02
I03/0

I0
0

V03 E3
Resultant Voltage V0 in Delta
Connected Ter Winding will
generate I0, 0 & V0 in other
windings.

V0/I0

V0/I0

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
Fault Levels/Voltages Levels
X

10 kA ,688 ms

10 kA ,688 ms

10 kA ,688 ms

10 kA ,688 ms

Trans.: 220/66kV
YNyn0

10 kA ,688 ms
X

10 kA ,688 ms

1. Fault in 220 kV Feeder

10 kA ,688 ms

X
X

10 kA ,688 ms

X X

10 kA ,688 ms

1. Fault in 66 kV Feeder
Trans.: 66/11 kV
Dyn11
X
X

10 kA, 550 ms
10 kA, 110ms

1. Fault in 11 kV Feeder

10 kA ,688 ms

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
Differential Protection:
Idiff= (I1-I2) Amp
5 6 -

M2=80 %

7 8 1

M1=20 %

I
0.5

I
1

I
2

I
3

I bias=(I1+I2)/2 Amp

I
4

I
5

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
Differential Protection:
It should not operate:
with through faults.

CT Secondary connections.
CT core selection

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
Differential Protection:
Triple pole feature with individual phase
indication
Unrestrained instantaneous high set O/C units
which should not operate during in rush.
Adjustable for multi bias setting
Second harmonic or other inrush proof feature.
One bias winding per phase and per CT input
An adjustable operating current
An operating time not greater than 30mSec
at 5 times of setting
Facility for ratio and phase angle correction

On-Line Monitoring
1. DGA to be monitored on all transformers
periodically. Periodicity depends on the nature
of evaluation of gases.
2. HYDRANE directly mounted on the
transformer and in contact with transformer
oil.
The use of this device is to detect the change
in fault gases, to monitor their evolution. As
an alarm is triggered oil is sampled from the
transformer to evaluate the nature and
severity of the fault.

3. Acoustic PD measurement.
In case DGA results indicate the presence of
high discharges Acoustic PD measurement is
done.
Acoustic PD detector consists of sensor which
can sense sound vibrations produced due to
occurrence of discharges in oil.
The sensor has pre-amplifier and filter circuit
to eliminate environmental noise
4 Infrared thermography
With the help of infrared thermo-vision
camera, the thermo-image of transformer is
prepared

1. Frequency Response Analysis

Short circuit forces could move the winding.
Can also change winding inductance and
capacitance.
Conventional tests are not sensitive to
winding movement.
Such changes can be effectively detected by
FRA
Method
Sweep frequency input is given in the
winding.
Input & response recorded.
FFT analysis of response to obtain the finger
print of the winding.
These finger prints are compared periodically
to assess the condition of winding.

2.

Recovery voltages measurement

It indicates the content of water in the insulation.
PRINCIPLE
Sample of discharged insulation
Charge with DC voltage and note time
Sample to be short circuited for predetermined period of
time ( approximately half of the charged time)
Open the terminal and measure voltage.

3.

Tan- & Capacitance by standard bridge.

4. Resistance & magnetizing current.

5. Maintenance schedule call for daily , quarterly, yearly, two
yearly maintenance requirement. Over and above after 7 to
10 years, thorough overhauling and inspection of core-coil
assembly by lifting tank top cover / core-coil assembly
needed
In overhauling sludge deposited on coil is removed and coil
assembly which may become loose is tightened. All other
clampings & cleats etc. are also tightened

POWER SYSTEM
Generation to Distribution

Gen. 11 kV

Trans.: 220/11 kV
YNd11
TR: 20
TTR: 11.54

Trans.: 33/11 kV
Dyn11
TR: 3
TTR: 5.19

Line 220 kV

Line 11 kV

Trans.: 220/33kV
YNyn0
TR: 6.67
TTR: 6.67

Trans.: 11/0.433 kV
Dyn11
TR: 25
TTR: 44

POWER SYSTEM
20 MVA 66/11 kV Dyn11 Power
400
KVA 11/.433 kV Dyn11 Distribution
Transformer
Transformer

Trans.: 66/11 kV
Dyn11
TR: 6
TTR: 10.39

Line 11 kV

Trans.: 11/0.433 kV
Dyn11
TR: 25
TTR: 44

POWER SYSTEM
Power Transformer YNyn0d11

POWER SYSTEM
TWO BUS ARRANGEMENT
FEEDER

BUS COUPLER

BUS-1

BUS-2

TRANSFORMER

POWER TRANSFORMER
BACKUP PRTECTION
CTs:400/1A
262/0.655A

CTs:2000/1A
1750/0.875A

o/
c

o/
c

Transformer
220/66-33/11 kV
262/875-1750/1750 A

o/
c

o/
c

E/F
E/F

Pickup setting to be decided for over loading:120-150% of Ib

POWER TRANSFORMER
Normal loading (I < I base):
CTs:400/1A
262/0.655A

CTs:2000/1A
1750/0.875A

o/
c

o/
c

Transformer
220/66-33/11 kV
262/875-1750/1750 A

o/
c

o/
c

E/F
E/F

Pickup setting to be decided for over loading:120-150% of Ib

POWER TRANSFORMER
Three phase short circuit (O/C) protection (I >> I base):

CTs:400/1A
1750/4.3754A

CTs:2000/1A
11664/5.832A

o/
c

o/
c

E/F

Transformer
220/66-33/11 kV
262/875-1750/1750 A
Percentage impedance
Z: 15%

o/
c

o/
c

E/F

TMS to be decided as per the short time rating/loading curv

POWER TRANSFORMER
Single phase short circuit (O/C) protection (I >> I base):
CTs:400/1A
1750/4.3754A

CTs:2000/1A
11664/5.832A

o/
c

o/
c

E/F

o/
c

o/
c

E/F

TMS to be decided as per the short time rating/loading curv

POWER SYSTEM
REF Protection
X

REF

REF

POWER SYSTEM
REF Protection Operation: No
X

REF

REF

POWER SYSTEM
REF Protection
X

REF

REF

POWER SYSTEM
REF Protection Operation: Yes (LV)
X

REF

REF

POWER SYSTEM
Differential Protection: Normal
Loading
X
X
CTs:2000/1A
1750/0.875A

CTs:400/1A
262/0.655A

0.875A/0.577A

0.655A/0.577A

Yd11/Dy
1

Yd11/Dy
1
RC

RC

1A
RC

RC

RC

RC

OC

OC

OC

1A

POWER SYSTEM
Differential Protection Operation:
No X
X
X

Yd11/Dy
1

Yd11/Dy
1
RC

RC

6A
RC

RC

RC

RC

OC

OC

OC

6A

POWER SYSTEM
Differential Protection Operation:
Yes X
X
CTs:2000/1A
1750/0.875A

CTs:400/1A
2620/6.55A

6.55A/5.77A

Yd11/Dy
1

Yd11/Dy
1
RC

RC

10A
RC

RC

RC

RC

OC

OC

OC

POWER SYSTEM
Differential Protection (Dyn11)
CTs:1200/.578A
1050/0.506A

CTs:400/1A
175/0.437A

0.506A/0.578A

0.437A/1A

Yd1/Dy1
1
RC

RC

1A
RC

RC

RC

RC

OC

OC

OC

1A