VEDIC MATHEMATICS

Vadiraja

VEDA- INTRODUCTION
The Sanskrit word Veda is derived from the root
Vid, meaning to know without limit.
The word Veda covers all Veda-sakhas known to
humanity.
The Veda is a repository of all knowledge,
fathomless, ever revealing as it is delved deeper.

VEDAS, VEDANGAS AND UPANGAS

Fourteen-fold Vedic Knowledge:
1) 4 Vedas (Rg, Yajur, Sama and Atharva) -originally oral in
nature.
2) 6 Vedangas (phonetics, grammar, etymology,
metronomy(chandas), Astronomy and Astrology, and Kalpa)
4) 4 Upavedas (Analysis, Logic, Puranic Literature) and
Darma Sastra

UPAVEDAS

4 Upavedas (Ayurveda, Gandharvaveda, Dhanurveda and

Sthapatyaveda)
Vedas refer to a body of knowledge that reveals different
means and ends available to the human being.

VEDAS, VEDANGAS AND UPANGAS

Fourteen-fold Vedic Knowledge:
1) 4 Vedas (Rg, Yajur, Sama and Atharva) -originally oral in nature.
2) 6 Vedangas (phonetics, grammar, etymology,
metronomy(chandas), Astronomy and Astrology, and Kalpa)
4) 4 Upavedas (Analysis, Logic, Puranic Literature) and Darma
Sastra

UPAVEDAS

4 Upavedas (Ayurveda, Gandharvaveda, Dhanurveda and

Sthapatyaveda)
Vedas refer to a body of knowledge that reveals different means
and ends available to the human being.
Reference: http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~moorthy/vm

VEDIC MATHEMATICS INTRODUCTION

Swami Bharati Krishna Tirtha (1884-1960),
former Jagadguru Sankaracharya of Puri made a
set of 16 Sutras (aphorisms) and 13 Sub - Sutras
(corollaries) from the Atharva Veda.
According to him, there has been considerable
literature on Mathematics in the Veda-sakhas.
Unfortunately most of it has been lost to
humanity as of now. This is evident from the fact
that while, by the time of Patanjali, about 25
centuries ago, 1131 Veda-sakhas were known to
the Vedic scholars, only about ten Veda-sakhas
are presently in the knowledge of the Vedic
scholars in the country.

SWAMY BHARATHIKRISHNA TIRTAJI

He was gifted with extraordinary ability and talent.
At the age of 16 he was awarded as the SARASWATHI.
At the age of 20 he had 7 MA degrees. They were in the fields
of numeracy, language, psychology and other fields.
He had that extraordinary talent to extract maths involved in
vedas and define the use of it.
To recollect the technique easily, he gave 16 basic sutras or
aphorisms or rhyming statements. With which one can easily
remember and solve any given problem quickly. (mostly in
mind).
He came out with 14 volumes of books on Vedic Maths. Which
covered all the aspect of problem solving.
Unfortunately these books were stolen/lost from his ashram.

(Mighty loss to India)

In his late ages, with his disciple he came out with a book
called as VEDIC MATHS.

VEDIC MATHEMATICS ADVANTAGES

Saves time in hand calculations.

Vedic Mathematics system also provides us with a set of checking procedures
for independent crosschecking of whatever we do.
Vedic Mathematics provides with possibility of solving the same problem in
different alternative ways.
Mathematics, a dreadful subject is converted into a playful and blissful subject
Vedic Mathematics enriches our knowledge and understanding of
mathematics.
Vedic Mathematics come to us as a boon to all competitions.
Vedic Mathematics being most natural way of working can be learnt and
mastered with very little efforts and in a very short time. The element of
choice and flexibility at each stage keeps the mind lively and alert and
develops clarity of mind and intuition.
Holistic development of the human brain automatically takes place through
Vedic Mathematics multidimensional thinking.
Vedic Mathematics systematically utilizes both halves of the human brain and
therefore the chances of development of intuition part of the personality are
increased.

VEDIC MATHEMATICS ADVANTAGES

High speed VLSI arithmetic architectures can be derived

from Vedic Maths
Due to its parallel and regular structure the Vedic
algorithms can be easily laid out on silicon chip .

BASIC TERMS AND LAWS

BASE NUMBERS

Base numbers will be used in many cases during

vedic math calculations. Let us see what it is.
Base numbers of 10 includes 101, 102, 103,
104etc..,

BASIC TERMS AND LAWS

COMPLEMENT OF A NUMBER
Usually to find the complement of any number,
we will subtract the value from thenext highest
base value. But in Vedic maths you can find
complement of any values without using the base
number.
For example,425
Here, subtract each digit of the value
fromnineand the last digit fromten.
9 - 4=5
9 - 2=7
10 - 5=5
Complement of425 is 575.

BASIC TERMS AND LAWS

COMPLEMENT OF A NUMBER

Example 1:
Let us find, what is the complement of 8977.
9 - 8=1
9 - 9=0
9 - 7=2
10 - 7= 3
So, the complement of8977 is 1023.

MULTIPLICATION

The Vedic Method requires a subtraction (crosswise), and

a single digit multiplication (vertically)

MULTIPLICATION

BEEJANK AND VEDIC CHECK

Beejank - It means conversion of a number to single
digit by getting the sum of digits of the number. If
the sum of the digits turns out to be of more than 1
digit, then keep continuing this process till a single
digit number is got (similar to Numerology!!!)
Beejank of 61 =6+1=7
Beejank of 187=1+8+ -> 16 1+6 =7
Vedic check (Gunit Samuchyayah, sutra 15) The
operation carried out with the numbers have the
same effect as that carried out on their beejanks. It
can be used to quickly identify errors in a
mathematical calculation.

BEEJANK AND VEDIC CHECK

Check for addition

Check for Subtraction

26 + 15 = 41

26 - 15 = 11

Beejanks (LHS)

Beejanks (LHS)

8+6=14 =5

8-6=2

Beejank (RHS)

Beejank (RHS)

4+1=5

1+1=2

Check for Multiplication

Check for Square

91 x 96 = 8736

12 x 12 = 144

Beejanks (LHS)

Beejanks (LHS)

1*6=6

3*3=9

Beejank (RHS)

Beejank (RHS)

24=>6

144=>9

BEEJANK - DIVISION
Dividend =(divisor *quotient)+ reminder
Beejanks of Dividend =( Beejanks of divisor *
Beejanks of quotient) + Beejanks of reminder

e.g. `134/6=22 reminder=2

lhs = beejank of 134=8
rhs = (beejank of 6*beejank of 22)+beejank of 2 =
beejank of (6*4)+2= 6+2=8
lhs=rhs

if you get negative number add 9

BEEJANK - DIVISION
Dividend =(divisor *quotient)+ reminder
Beejanks of Dividend =( Beejanks of divisor *
Beejanks of quotient) + Beejanks of reminder

e.g. 4969/41=121 reminder=8

lhs = 28=>10=>1
rhs = >(5*4)+ 8 = > 2+8=> 10=>1
lhs=rhs

if you get negative number add 9

BEEJANK - SIMPLIFICATION

MULTIPLICATION BY 9, 99,999,9999,
ETC
a) The left hand side digit (digits) is ( are) obtained by applying the
ekanyunena
purvena i.e. by deduction 1 from the left side digit (digits) .
e.g. ( i ) 7 x 9; 7 1 = 6 ( L.H.S. digit )
b) The right hand side digit is the complement or difference between
the
multiplier and the left hand side digit (digits) . i.e. 7 X 9 R.H.S is 9 - 6 =
3.
c) The two numbers give the answer; i.e. 7 X 9 = 63.
Example 1: 8 x 9 Step ( a ) gives 8 1 = 7 ( L.H.S. Digit )
Step ( b ) gives 9 7 = 2 ( R.H.S. Digit )
Step ( c ) gives the answer 72
Example 2: 15 x 99 Step ( a ) : 15 1 = 14
Step ( b ) : 99 14 = 85 ( or 100 15 )
Step ( c ) : 15 x 99 = 1485
Example 3: 24 x 99

MULTIPLICATION BY 9, 99,999,9999,
ETC

Answer :

Example 4: 356 x 999

Answer
Note the process : The multiplicand has to be reduced by 1 to obtain the LHS
and the rightside is mechanically obtained by the subtraction of the L.H.S from
the multiplier which is practically a direct application of Nikhilam Sutra.

MULTIPLICATION BY 9, 99,999,9999,
ETC

MULTIPLICATION BY 9, 99,999,9999,
ETC
We have dealt the cases when
i) the multiplicand and multiplier both have the same number of digits
ii) the multiplier has more number of digits than the multiplicand.
In both the cases the same rule applies.
But what happens when the multiplier has lesser digits?
i.e. for problems like 42 X 9, 124 X 9, 26325 X 99 etc.,
For this let us have a re-look in to the process for proper understanding.
Multiplication table of 9.

ab
2 x9 = 1 8
3 x9 = 2 7
4 x9 = 3 6
- - - - - - - - - 8 x9 = 7 2
9 x9 = 8 1
10 x 9 = 9 0
Observe the left hand side of the answer is always one less than the multiplicand (here
multiplier is 9) as read from Column (a) and the right hand side of the answer is the
complement of the left hand side digit from 9 as read from Column (b).

MULTIPLICATION BY 9, 99,999,9999,
ETC
Multiplication table when both multiplicand and multiplier are of 2
digits.

a b
11 x 99 = 10 89 = (111) / 99 (111) = 1089
12 x 99 = 11 88 = (121) / 99 (121) = 1188
13 x 99 = 12 87 = (131) / 99 (131) = 1287
------------------------------------------------ 18 x 99 = 17 82 --------------------------- 19 x 99 = 18 81
20 x 99 = 19 80 = (201) / 99 (201) = 1980
The rule mentioned in the case of above table also holds good here.
Further we can state that the rule applies to all cases, where the
multiplicand and the multiplier have the same number of digits.
Example:
124 X 009
123 //// 9-123=114
1230-114 = 1116

MULTIPLICATION
NUMBERS WITH SAME FIRST DIGIT AND SUM
OF LAST DIGITS EQUALS 10
This multiplication Vedic shortcut is applicable when,
Rule 1:The first digit of both the numbers are same for 2
digit numbers,
First two digits of both the numbers are same for 3 digit
numbers and so on.
Rule 2:Sum of the last digit of the numbers equals 10.
Example:
Step 1:Take the first digit and add it with 1. Multiply the
resultant value with the first digit.
For example.,56 x 54 =>(5 + 1) x 5 = 6 x 5 =30
Step 2:Multiply the last digits of both the numbers.
6 x 4 =24
Step 3:Write down the Step 1 result followed by the Step
2 result. The result is56 x 54 = 3024

MULTIPLICATION
NUMBERS WITH SAME FIRST DIGIT AND SUM
OF LAST DIGITS EQUALS 10

With further examples,

Example 1:93 x 97
Step 1:(9 + 1) x 9 = 10 x 9 =90
Step 2:3 x 7 =21
Step 3:Join the values,93 x 97 = 9021.
Example 2:66 x 64
Step 1:(6 + 1) x 6 = 7 x 6 =42
Step 2:6 x 4 =24.
Step 3:Join the values,36 x 34 = 4224.
Example 3:366 x 364
Step 1:(36 + 1) x 36 = 37 x 36 =1332
Step 2:6 x 4 =24.
Step 3:Join the values,366 x 364 = 133224.

MULTIPLICATION
NUMBERS WITH SAME LAST DIGIT AND SUM OF
FIRST DIGITS EQUALS 10

MULTIPLICATION: LEFT TO RIGHT

237*2
We multiply each of the figures in 237 by 2 starting at the left.
The answers we get are 4, 6, 14.
Since the 14 has two figures the 1 must be carried leftwards to the 6.
So 4, 6,14 = 474.
Again we build up the answer mentally from the left: first 4, then 4,6=46,
then 4, 6,14 = 474.
Example 2: 236 7 =
First we have 14,
then 1 4,2 1 = 161,
then 161,4 2 = 1652
Example 3: 1 0 5 9 x 7=
Example 4: l48 6 3 1 x 8=
Example 5: 7468 X 5 =
Example 6: 9999 x 9 =

MULTIPLICATION
SPECIAL MULTIPLICATION

MULTIPLICATION: VERTICALLY AND

CROSSWISE

Multiply 3-Digit Numbers

MULTIPLICATION: VERTICALLY AND

CROSSWISE

Multiply 3-Digit Numbers

MULTIPLICATION: VERTICALLY AND

CROSSWISE

Multiply 3-Digit Numbers

SQUARES
SQUARES OF NUMBERS ENDING
WITH 5
452 = (4+1)x4 followed by 25 i.e. 5x4=20 so answer
is 2025.
Ask if anyone can prove this by algebra
(Homework)
Similarly when sum of last digit =10
46x44 = (4+1)x4 followed by (6x4) i.e. 2024

SQUARES
SQUARES OF NUMBERS ENDING
WITH 5

SQUARES OF NUMBERS CLOSE TO THE BASE OF POWERS

OF 10 (10, 100, 1000, ETC)
Eg 1: 92 Here base is 10.
The answer is separated in to two parts by a/
Note that deficit is 10 - 9 = 1
Multiply the deficit by itself or square it
12 = 1. As the deficiency is 1, subtract it from the number i.e., 91
= 8.
Now put 8 on the left and 1 on the right side of the vertical line or
slash
i.e., 8/1.
Hence 81 is answer.
Eg. 2: 962 Here base is 100.
Since deficit is 100-96=4 and square of it is 16 and the deficiency
subtracted from the number 96 gives 96-4 = 92, we get the answer
92 / 16
Thus the answer is 9216.

SQUARES OF NUMBERS CLOSE TO THE BASE OF POWERS

OF 10 (10, 100, 1000, ETC)
Eg. 3: 9942 Base is 1000
Deficit is 1000 - 994 = 6. Square of it is 36.
Deficiency subtracted from 994 gives 994 - 6 = 988
Answer is 988 / 036 [since base is 1000]
Eg. 4: 99882 Base is 10,000.
Deficit = 10000 - 9988 = 12.
Square of deficit = 122 = 144.
Deficiency subtracted from number = 9988 - 12 =
9976.
Answer is 9976 / 0144 [since base is 10,000].

Exercise: Find the value of 882

SQUARES SQUARING NUMBERS NEAR 50

SQUARES GENERAL SQUARING

The Duplex, D, of a number

1 digit D(n) = n2

e.g. D(5) = 25

2 digits D(n) = twice the product of the digits

e.g. D(26) = 2(2)(6) = 24

3 digits D(n) = twice the product of the outer digits +

the square of the middle digit

SQUARES GENERAL SQUARING

SQUARES GENERAL SQUARING

POWERS MERU PRASTHAR, CALCULATING POWERS OF

NUMBERS SQUARES, CUBES, X4, X5 ETC.

POWERS MERU PRASTHAR, CALCULATING POWERS OF

NUMBERS SQUARES, CUBES, X4, X5 ETC.
Example 2:
963
96=(100-4) Base is 100.
Check meru prashtar, for cube the pattern is 1 3 3 1
963 = 1x(-04)0 | 3x(-04)1 | 3x(-04)2 | 1x(-04)3
=1 |12 |48|64
= 0884736
Example 3:
9983
998=(1000-2) Base is 1000.
Check meru prashtar, for cube the pattern is 1 3 3 1
9983 = 1x(-002)0 | 3x(-002)1 | 3x(-002)2 | 1x(-002)3
=1 |006 |012|008
= 0994011992

SUBTRACTION
Using Vedic Maths, you can easily subtract two large numbers without using the concept
of borrowing numbers. All you have to remember is the base values. Proceed with the
steps given below to do subtraction using the vedic math shortcuts.
Lets take an example,
9953878629
Step 1:
Subtract the right most digit of both values. Here 9 is greater than 8, so subtract 9 from
the nearest base value.
10 - 9 = 1.
Add the resultant value with 8,8 + 1 = 9
Last digit of the answer is9.
Step 2:If you have taken the complement previously, carry a dot to the preceding value.
This dot means one
3-2+1=3-3=0
Step 3:5 is less than 6, so the nearest base is 10.
10 - 6 = 4
Now add the 4 with 5,4 + 5 =9
Step 4:As we have taken complement, add one with the next value,8 + 1 = 9,
9-9=0
Step 5:Now take the left most digit of both the numbers and subtract them.
9 - 7 = 2. Answer is,99538 -78629 = 20909

VINUCULUM NUMBER (BAR

NUMBER)

All From 9 and the Last From 10

VINUCULUM NUMBER (BAR

NUMBER)

VINUCULUM NUMBER (BAR

NUMBER)

VINUCULUM NUMBER (BAR

NUMBER)

VINUCULUM NUMBER (BAR

NUMBER)

FUN WITH MATHS

MAGIC SQUARE
Magic Squares are square grids, where numbers
are written in equal number of cells, along rows
and columns; so that when these numbers are
added along rows ,columns or diagonals we get the
same sum.
Magic squares have fascinated humanity
throughout the ages, and have been around for
over 4,120 years. They are found in a number of
cultures, including Egypt and India, engraved on
stone or metal and worn as talismans, the belief
being that magic squares had astrological and
divinatory qualities, their usage ensuring
longevity and prevention of diseases.

FUN WITH MATHS

MAGIC SQUARE
As far back as 550AD, Varahamihira used a 4 by 4
magic square to decribe a perfume recipe, but the
earliest known Indian writings about an order 3
square comes from 900AD, as a medical treatment!
The 33 magic square has been a part of rituals in
India since Vedic times, and still is today. The Ganesh
yantra is a 33 magic square. There is a well-known
10th-century 44 magic square on display in the
Parshvanath Jain temple in Khajuraho, India.

The Kubera-Kolam is a floor painting (Rangoli) which

is in the form of a magic square of order three.
Kubera Kolam has a belief that when drawn the house
will never be short of money.

FUN WITH MATHS

MAGIC SQUARE ODD ROWS AND
COLUMN

Here we learn to create magic squares of 3x3 and 5x5 dimension using the
Paravarthya Method.
Steps:
Take consecutive numbers and put the first number in the central square of
the top row.
Start moving towards the next row above and next column on the right.
If you land outside the magic square on top, transpose the number to the
cell at the bottom in the same column. If you land outside the magic square
on the right side, transpose the number to the cell at the leftmost column in
the same row.
If a cell is already occupied or if you reach a corner of the magic square,
move to the cell below that.

8 1 6
3 5 7
4 9 2

FUN WITH MATHS

MAGIC SQUARE OBSERVATIONS
Total of each row will be as per the following formula:
<Number in the middle square> X <order of the magic
square>
For example, for a 5x5 magic square, the order is 5
and for a 3x3 magic square it is 3.
In the below example, the sum of each row/column is
25x3=75.
The number in the middle square happens to be the
number which lies exactly in the middle of the series.
For example, 25 is the number in the middle of 21-29
series.
Exercise: Do a magic square of 3x3 using 11 to 19.

FUN WITH MATHS

MAGIC SQUARE

5x5 magic square using 1-25:

Exercise: Do a magic square of 7x7 using 1 to 49.

FUN WITH MATHS

MAGIC SQUARE - 4X4 MAGIC
SQUARE

We can also talk about 4x4 magic square (slightly different

approach) if required. The Magic Square of 4x4 is determined by
examining the sum of the diagonals of the Natural Square of 4x4. It
is the same as 4(42 + 1)/2 if the series starts from 1.
We begin by creating a 4 4 square matrix and then we draw two diagonal
lines to get a figure as follows.

We then start at the upper left corner to put the number 1,2,3,...,14,15,16
into the cells. However, we do not put a number in any cell where the
diagonal line appears. We start with 1, but that cell has a diagonal line in
it, so we go to the next cell which is blank and enter a 2, then we put a 3 in
the next cell. The last cell in the first row has a diagonal line, so we do not
write in the 4. We go to the next row and enter 5 in the first cell, which is
blank, the next two cells have a diagonal line, so we skip 6 and 7. We
continue this pattern until we get to the last cell in the last row. Our
square will look like this:

FUN WITH MATHS

MAGIC SQUARE - 4X4 MAGIC
SQUARE

Now we begin in the lower right-hand corner and work our way back using the
numbers 1,4,6,7,10,11,13, and 16. We put these number in the cells which
originally had the diagonal lines starting with 1 in the lower right-hand
corner. Our finished product looks like this:

We see that in our finished square every row, column and diagonal sums to the
magic number 34, which is 4(42 + 1)/2.
Exercise: Do a magic square of 4x4 using 11 to 26.

FUN WITH MATHS

MAGIC SQUARE - OF ORDER 4N

We can use almost the same process as we used to generate a fourth-order

magic square to create any 4n 4n magic square. For example to create an 8
8 magic square. Again we begin with a square matrix of size 8 8 and draw
all the diagonals in the four 4 4 block that make up the matrix to get.

We proceed as we did in the 4 4 case, but this time we will be using all the
positive integers from 1 to 64. We start in the upper left-hand corner to
put numbers in the cells. As before, we will only put the cell number in the
cell if the cell is blank; that is, does not have a diagonal line in it. We
continue this process until we reach the lower right-hand corner. Our
square would then look like this:

FUN WITH MATHS

MAGIC SQUARE - OF ORDER 4N

Now we begin in the lower right-hand corner and work our way back using
the numbers 1,4,5,8,10,11,... and 64. We put these number in the cells
which originally had the diagonal lines starting with 1 in the lower righthand corner. Our finished product looks like this:

The magic number is 260 = 8(82 + 1)/2.

You can check all the rows, columns and
diagonals to see that they each have a
sum of 260.

REFERENCES
References:

Vedic Mathematics book written by Jagadguru

Swami Sri Bharati Krishna Teerthaji Maharaj (Pub:
Motilal Banarasidas)
http://www.indiadivine.org/content/files/file/40-ved
ic-mathematics-by-shankaracharya-bharati-krishna-tir
tha-pdf/
www.vedamu.org/Veda/1795$Vedic_Mathematics
_Methods.pdf

http://tutorials.vedicmaths.org/Books/Natural%20Ca
lculator/Contents.php