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SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS

Spread footings

Square
Rectangular
Circular
Continuous

Mat (Raft) foundations

SPREAD FOOTINGS
Made from reinforced concrete
Square (B x B)-Usually one column
Rectangular (B x L)-When large M is needed
Circular (D/B<3, Rounded)-Flagpoles, transmission lines
Continuous (Strip)-Support of bearing walls
Combined (Cantilever)-Provides necessary M to prevent
failure. Desirable when load is eccentric and construction
close to property line.

MAT (RAFT) FOUNDATIONS


Necessary when the soil is weaker and more compressible
Since large area is needed from a spread footing, mat
foundation is more economic.
Advantages
Spread the load in a larger area-Increase bearing pressure
Provides more structural rigidity-Reduce settlement
Heavier-More resistant to uplift
Distributes loads more evenly

DEEP FOUNDATIONS
When shallow foundations cannot carry the loads
Due to poor soils conditions
When upper soils are subject to scour
Piles-prefabricated small-size (usually < 2 ft or 0.6 m
diameter or side) poles made from steel (H or pipe piles),
wood or concrete and installed by a variety of methods
(driving, hydraulic jacking, jetting, vibration, boring)
Drilled shafts-Drilled cylindrical holes (usually > 2ft or 0.60
m in diameter) and filled with concrete and steel
reinforcement

SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
Bearing Capacity
Gross Bearing pressure
q = (P+Wf)/A u
where Wf =c*D*A, u = pore water pressure
Net Bearing pressure = Gross Bearing pressure Effective
stress
q = P/A + c*D u

SQUARE FOOTINGS

q = P/(B*b) + c*D u

CONTINUOUS FOOTINGS

SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
Bearing Capacity (Contd)
FS bearing capacity = q ultimate / q allowable = 2 to 3
q allowable= Gross bearing pressure
q ultimate = cNc +D Nq + 0.5BNstrip footing
q ultimate = 1.3cNc + D Nq + 0.4BN square footing
q ultimate = 1.3cNc + D Nq + 0.3BNcircular footingf
See Table 17.1, page 623 for bearing capacity factors (N c , Nq , Nas a
function of friction angle,c = cohesion, D= vertical effective stress at
foundation base level, D (surcharge), =unit weight of soil below
foundation base level, B=width (diameter) of footing
Effect of Groundwater table (Page 624)
Case1- DW < D (high water table; use buoyant unit weight)
Case2-D<Dw<D+B (intermediate water table; prorate unit weight)
Case3-D+B <Dw (Deep water table; use moist unit weight )

SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
Design-Cohesive soils
1.
2.

End-of-construction (short term) analysis


Calculate q ultimate

3.

q allowable = q ultimate / FS bearing capacity

4.

Area allowable = P/ q allowable

5.

Calculate setllement < allowable- DESIGN OK


> allowable- Consider soil
improvement, deep foundation.
Increasing area will not help, cause more
settlement

SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
Design-Cohesionless soils
1.
2.

Drained (long term) analysis


Calculate q ultimate
Assume B to calculate q ultimate

3.

q allowable = q ultimate / FS bearing capacity

4.

Area allowable = P/ q allowable will give you B. Iterate


until B assumed = B computed

5.

Check if q allowable is OK for settlement case (usually at


most 1 inch)

Deep Foundations Design


Static Analysis:
Qultimate= QEB+QSR

(end bearing + shaft resistance)

QEB = qult Ap where Ap is the area of pile tip


qult = c Nc* + D Nq*

QSR = pLf where p= is the pile perimeter, L= pile length, and f = unit
shaft resistance (skin friction) in a layer of soil on the side of
deep foundation

the

f= K v tan+ ca where K=lateral earth coefficient, v = vertical


effective stress at given depth, =pile-soil interface friction angle, c a=
pile-soil adhesion in a given soil adjacent to lateral pile surface
Pile load test, dynamic formulas, and wave analysis during driving are
also used to arrive at a reliable pile capacity, Q u.
Qallowable = Qultimate /FS ; typically FS=2 for deep foundations.

Bearing Capacity Factors for Deep Foundations (Meyerhof, 1976)

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