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Indraguna Pinatih
The Minerals
small, naturally occurring, inorganic,
inorganic
chemical elements
Inorganic: being or composed of matter other
than plant or animal
Functions of Minerals
Some participate with enzymes in
metabolic processes (cofactors)
Some have structural functions (Ca, P in
bone; S in keratin)
Acid-base and water balance (Na, K, Cl)
Nerve & muscle function (Ca, Na, K)
Unique functions (e.g., heme, B 12,
thyroid hormones)
Absorption
Small intestine & large intestine
Regulation
Kidneys & small intestine
Classification
Macro or Major minerals
Sodium, potassium,
magnesium, calcium,
phosphorus, sulfur,
chloride
Trace
Element
g/kg
Element
Ca
P
K
Na
Cl
S
Mg
15
10
2
1.6
1.1
1.5
0.4
Fe
Zn
Cu
Mo
Se
I
Mn
Co
mg/kg
20-50
10-50
1-5
1-4
1-2
0.3-0.6
0.2-0.5
0.02-0.1
Minerals in Foods
Found in all food groups.
More reliably found in
animal products.
Often other substances in
foods decrease absorption
(bioavailability) of minerals
Oxalate, found in spinach,
prevents absorption of most
calcium in spinach.
Phytate, form of phosphorous
in most plants makes it poorly
available
Mineral Interactions
Mineral interaction
Species Requiremen
t, mg/kg
Cu
Cattle
Swine
Cattle
Livestoc
k
Cattle
Horses
Co
I
Se
Toxic
level,
mg/kg
5-8
6
0.06
0.1
115
250
60
?
0.1
0.1
3-4
5-40
Mineral Function
Bone Health
Blood Health
Fluid Balance
Energy Metabolism
Antioxidant
LARGEr Quantities
Calcium
Magnesium
Phosphorous
Sodium
Potassium
Chloride
Sulfur
Vitamin D
Vitamin K
Health
Trace Minerals
SMALLer Quantities
Iron
Zinc
Copper
Fluoride
Selenium
Iodine
Chromium
LARGEr Quantities
Calcium
Magnesium
Sodium
Potassium
Chloride
Phosphorous
Sulfur
Trace Minerals
SMALLer Quantities
Iodine
Iron
Zinc
Copper
Fluoride
Selenium
Chromium
Molybdenum
Manganese
Oxalic Acid
Phytic Acid
Tannins
absorption of:
Iron
Calcium
Sodium
Potassium
Chloride
Sulfur
Trace Minerals
SMALLer Quantities
Iron
Zinc
Copper
Fluoride
Selenium
Chromium
Electrolytes
Potassium
LARGEr Quantities
Calcium
Magnesium
Phosphorous
Sodium
Potassium
Chloride
Sulfur
Trace Minerals
SMALLer Quantities
Iron
Zinc
Copper
Fluoride
Selenium
Iodine
Chromium
Iodine
Energy Metabolism
Chromium: CHO
Sulfur: B Vits
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
books/bv.fcgi?
rid=stryer.figgrp.1942
OTHER MINERALS
Manganese (Mn)
Selenium (Se)
Cobalt (Co)
Vanadium (Va)
Silicon (Si)
Molybdenum (Mo)
Boron (Bo)
Tin
Definition of terms
Requirement
Recommendation
Requirement
Recommended