Centre For Foundation Studies

Department of Sciences and Engineering

FHMM1014 Mathematics I

Chapter 1
Number and Set
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Content
1.1 Real Numbers System.
1.2 Indices and Logarithm
1.3 Complex Numbers
1.4 Set
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1.1 Real Numbers

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Real Numbers
What number system have you been using most of
your life?

The real number system.

A real number is any number that has a decimal

representation.

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Set of Real Numbers

(i) Natural Numbers
Counting numbers (also called positive integers)

N = { 1, 2, 3, }
Whole Numbers:

W {0} N {0,1, 2,3,L }

(ii) Integers
Natural numbers, their negatives, and 0.

Z = {, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, }
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Set of Real Numbers

(iii) Rational Numbers, Q
Numbers that can be represented as a b ,
where a and b are integers and b 0.
All rational number can be represented by:
(a) terminating decimal numbers
such as 5 2 2.5, 1 2 0.5, 3 4 0.75
(b) nonterminating repeating decimal numbers
such as 2 3 0.666..., 2 15 0.1333...
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Set of Real Numbers

(iv) Irrational Numbers
Numbers which cannot be expressed as a ratio of two
integers. They are non-terminating & non-repeating
decimal numbers.

2,

5, e , , K K

Note: The square roots of all natural numbers which are not
perfect squares are irrational.

(v) Real Numbers,

R
All rational and irrational
numbers.
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Set of Real Numbers

R
Q

Z
N

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Real Number Line

Origin

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4

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Example 1 (a)
Identify each number below as an integer, or
natural number, or rational number or irrational
number.
8,

21,

2.005,

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0,

23
,
9

0.3333,

0.5381,

0.1234,

7, 1.5,

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Operations on Real Numbers

(i) Commutative Law
* Addition : a b b a
* Multiplication : a b b a

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Operations on Real Numbers

(ii) Associative Law
* Addition : a (b c) (a b) c
* Multiplication : a (bc ) ( ab)c

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Operations on Real Numbers

(iii) Distributive Law

(1) a (b c) ab ac
(2) a (b c) ab ac

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Operations on Real Numbers

(iv) Identity Law
* Addition : a 0 0 a a
* Multiplication : a 1 1 a a

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Operations on Real Numbers

(v) Inverse Law
*Addition : a ( a ) ( a ) a 0
*Multiplication :

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a a 1
1
a

1
a

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Example
Example11(b)
(b)
Identify the law that justifies each of the following
statements:

a)
b)
c)
d)
e)

x ( x y ) x x x y
(2 x 3) 5 2 x (3 5)
2 x (5 3x) (2 x 5) 3x
If a b 0, then a b
If ( x 5)( x 4) 0 x 5 0 or x 4 0
2

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Interval Notations for Real Numbers

For any two different real numbers, a and b, with a < b:
The open interval is defined as the set

(a, b) {x : a x b}

The closed interval is defined as the set

[a, b] {x : a x b}

The half-closed (or half-open) interval is defined as

(a, b] {x : a x b} or [a, b) {x : a x b}

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Example 2
(i) Express each interval in terms of inequalities,
and then graph the interval.
a) [1, 8)
b) [2.5, 8]
c) (3, )
(ii) Graph each set.
(a) (1, 3) [2, 8]
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(b) (1, 3) [2, 8]

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Absolute Values
The absolute value (or modulus) of a real number, x
is denoted by x .

x if
x
x if

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x0
x0

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Absolute Values

x a a x a
x a x a , x a

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Example 3
Find the values of x if
(i)

3x 1 5

(ii)

2x 6 x ,

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x0

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1.2
Indices and
Logarithms
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1.2 Exponents
If a is any real number and n is a positive
integer, then the nth power of a is:

a aa a
n

(multiply a n times).

The number a is called the base and

n is called the exponent.

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Properties of Exponents
For m,n Integers and a, b Real numbers ,

i)

a a a

m n

ii )

a a a

mn

iii ) ( a ) a
m

iv ) a 1
0

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mn

1
n
v)
a
n
a
vi ) (ab) n a n b n
a
vii )
b

a
viii )
b

an
n
b
b

a

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Exponential Equation
An equation with a variable in the exponent is
called an exponential equation.
Property :
x
y
** If a 0 , a 1, and a a , then x y.
x
y
If
a

0
,
a

1
,
and
x

y
,
then
a

a
.
**

Note : Both bases must be the same!!

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Example 4
Solve (a)
(b)

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2 16
16 64
x

2 x 1

x 3

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Example 5
Solve the equation

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2 x 3

3(2 ) 16 0 .
x

27

Exponential Functions
The exponential function with base a
is defined for all real numbers x by:
x

f ( x) a

where a > 0 and a 1.

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Example 6
2
If f ( x) 2 , find f (1), f

5
x

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and f (3)

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Natural Exponential Base

Definition of e :

1
As m becomes larger and larger, 1
m

becomes closer and closer to the number e,

whose approximate value is 2.71828...
2

x x
x
x
e 1 ...
1! 2! 3!
n 0 n !
x

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Natural Exponential Base

y 3x

y ex

y 2x

** e is between 2 x and 3 x , because e is between 2 and 3.

** Note: Same y-intercept (0, 1).
x
x
x
** For x 0 , the graphs show that 3 e 2 .
x
x
x
** For x 0 , the graphs show that 3 e 2 .
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Graphs of Exponential Function

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Natural Exponential Functions

Find the values of

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e , 3e

0.32

and e

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Logarithm
Definition of logarithm :
For a 0, a 1, and x 0,

xa

means log a x n

0
1

a
**

log a 1 0

** a a

log a a 1

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Graphs of Logarithmic Functions

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Properties of Logarithms

i. log a xy log a x log a y

ii. log a

iii. log a x
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log a x log a y

x
y
p

p log a x
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Properties of Logarithms

log b c
iv. log a c
log b a
1
v. log a b
log b a
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Example 7
Solve the equations
(i) log 3 x 2 log 3 x log 9 27
(ii) 2 log x 3 log 9

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9
x
4

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Natural Base Logarithms

Common Logarithm

log b x n where the base, b 10.

Natural Logarithm is when the base,

Note :

be
log e x ln x
ln e 1

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Example 8

Solve the equation below.

e 4e 12 0
2x

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1.3 Complex Numbers

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1.3 Complex Numbers

For example, the equation x 9 0 has no real
solution. If we try to solve this equation, we will
get
2

x 9

But this is impossible, since square of any real

number is positive. Hence Mathematicians
invented the complex number system to solve all
quadratic equations.
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Complex Numbers
A complex number :

z a ib

(real part)

(imaginary part)

where a, b are real numbers and

i 1 or i 1.
2

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Conjugates
For the complex number

z a ib

we define its complex conjugate to be:

z a ib

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Operations of Complex Numbers

Addition:

(a ib) (c id ) (a c) i (b d )
Subtraction:

(a ib) (c id ) (a c) i(b d )

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Operations of Complex Numbers

Multiplication:

(a ib)(c id ) (ac bd ) i (ad bc)

Division:

(a ib) (a ib)(c id ) (ac bd ) i (bc ad )

(c id ) (c id )(c id )
c2 d 2
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Example 9
1. (3 6i ) (6 2i ) (3 6) (6 2)i 9 4i
2. (3 6i ) (6 2i ) (3 6) [6 (2)]i 3 8i
3. (3 6i )(6 2i ) [3(6) 6(2)] [3(2) 6(6)]i 30 30i
3 6i 3 6i
4.

1 2i 1 2i

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9 12
1 2i 9 12i
i

5
5 5
1 2i

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Square Root of Negative Numbers

We have

i 1 (or 1 i )
2

Therefore, for

x 9 3 (1) 3 i
2

x 3 i 3i
2

i.e square root of a negative number will have 2

roots, same as square root of a positive number.
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Example 10
1. 3 i 3
2. 3 4 3 i 4 3 2i

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Example 11
Solve equation x 3 x 6 0
2

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Argand Diagram
To graph the complex number a + bi (or x + yi)
we plot the ordered pair of numbers (a, b) or
(x, y) in this Cartesian plane/form.

Imaginary axis

| z | a b r
2

P( x , y )

a + bi

bi

r
r=length

a
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Real axis

x
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Complex Number
Graph the complex numbers:

a ) z1 3 4i
b) z 2 6 8i
c) ( z1 z 2 )
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Modulus
The modulus (or absolute value) of the complex number
is:
z x iy

| z | x y
2

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Argument
The argument of z,
denoted by arg(z), is the
angle between OX and
OP.

P( x , y )

The principal arguments

is

The angle is positive if

counterclockwise and
negative if clockwise.

54

Example (a): Argument

1. What is arg(z) if z = 1 + i?
From the
diagram,

tan

tan

1 | y |

| x|
1

.
55

Example (b): Argument

2. What is arg(z) if z = -1 + i?
From the
diagram,

tan

tan

-1

.
4

1 | y |

| x|
1

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Example (c): Argument

3. What is arg(z) if z = 1 i?
From the diagram,
y

tan
1

-1

1 | y |

| x |
1 1
tan
1

.
4

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Example (d): Argument

4. What is arg(z) if z = 1 i?
From the diagram,
y

-1

-1

| y |

tan
| x |

1 1
tan
1

3
.
4

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Example 12
Find the modulus and argument of the complex numbers:
a) 3 4i
b) 6 7i

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Square Roots of a Complex Number

z x iy

How to find the square root

First, let

z a ib
2

Then we have ( x iy ) a ib
2

( x y ) i ( 2 xy ) a ib
2

Equating the real & imaginary parts will produce 2 new equations.
Therefore x and y can be obtained by solving these 2 equations.

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Example 13
Find

i) 3 4i
ii 6i

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Polar or Trigonometric Form

If is an angle in standard position whose
terminal side coincides with this line segment,
by the definitions of sine and cosine
x = r cos
and
y
y = r sin
P( x , y )
So,
z = r cos + ir sin
z = r(cos + i sin )
r
This is the polar form.

0
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x
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Example 14
Write these complex numbers in Cartesian forms
into Polar (trigonometric) form.

a.

3 4i

b.

2 3 2i

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Example 16
1 1
(a) Given z i, Find
4 2
i the modulus of z,|z | .
(ii) the argument of z, , where .
(b) Given z1 2 3i and z 2 6 8i.
1
3
Express
in the Cartesian form of x yi.
z1 2 z1 z 2
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1.4 Sets

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Set
SET = Any collection of objects specified in
such a way that we can tell whether any
given object is or is not in the
collection.
Each object in a set is called a member, or
element, of the set.
Capital letters are often used to designate
particular sets.
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Set
a A means a is an element of set A
a A means a is not an element of set A

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Set
Let set A : { x x is an even positive integer which is
less than 13 }.

Set A = { 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12}

4 A , 10 A.
9 A , 13 A
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Subset
If each element of a set A is also an element of set B,
then A is a subset of B.
If set A and set B have exactly the same elements,
then the two sets are said to be equal.
Notation :

A B
A B

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means A is a subset of B
means A is not a subset of B
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Universal Set
A set that contains all the elements of the
set in a specific discussion is called the
universal set. It is represented by:

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Empty Set
A set without any elements is called the
empty, or null, set. It is represented by:

Note :
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is a subset of every set.

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Example 17
If A = { 3, 2, 2, 3 } , B = { 3, 3, 2, 2 } ,
and C = { 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3 }.
Indicate whether the following relationships are
TRUE (T) or FALSE (F):AB
A B
BC
AC
BC
CA
C
B
A
BC
AC
B A
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Example 18
(a)

Which of the following is False?

(i) { 0}
(b)

(ii) { 0}

List all the subsets of the set { 1, 2, 3, 4 }.

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Operations of Sets

Union

Intersection

Difference

Complement

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Union
The union of sets A and B , denoted by A B ,
is the set of all elements formed by combining all the
elements of A and all the elements of B into one set.

A B { x x A or x B }
x may be an element of set A or set B or both.
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Intersection
The intersection of sets A and B , denoted by A B ,
is the set of elements in set A that are also in set B .

A B { x x A and x B }
x is an element of both set A and set B .
If A B , the sets A and B are said to be
disjoint / mutually exclusive.
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Difference between 2 Sets

The difference between set A and set B,
is the set of elements in set A but not in set B.

A B { x x A but x B }

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Complement
The complement of A , denoted by A 'or A,
is the set of elements in that are not in A .

A' { x x , x A }

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Venn Diagram
Union :

A B
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Venn Diagram
Intersection :

A B
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Venn Diagram
Intersection : (A and B are mutually exclusive)
A

A B
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Venn Diagram
Complement :

A'

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Example 19
If A = { 2, 4, 6 } , B = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 } ,
C = { 3, 8, 9 } , and

= { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}.

Find :-

A B
(iii) B C
(i)

(v)

A'

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(ii)

A B

(iv) B C
(vi) C '
83

Example 20
Given that

{x : 10 x 30 , x },

X {x : difference of digits of x is 4},

Y {x : x is a multiple of 5},
Z {x : x is a factor of 60}.
Find:

(i) ( X Y )'
(iii) X ' Y '
(iv) Y Z
(ii) Y ' Z
(v) ( X Z )' Y
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Example 21
Given {x 5 x 10, x R}
A {x 1 x 8, x R}
B {x 3 x 5, x R}
C {x 2 x 7, x R}
Find, in interval notation, each of the following sets:
(a) A B C
(b) A B

(c ) ( A B ) C
( e) ( A C ) B
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(d ) ( B C ) A
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Algebraic Laws on Sets

Commutative law

Associative law

Distributive law

De Morgans law

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Commutative Law
For any two sets A and B,

A B B A
A B B A

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Associative Law
For any three sets A, B and C,

A ( B C ) ( A B) C A B C
A ( B C ) ( A B) C A B C

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Distributive Law
For any three sets A, B and C,

A ( B C ) ( A B) ( A C )
A ( B C ) ( A B) ( A C )

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De Morgans Law
For any two sets A and B,
First law :

( A B )' A' B '

Complement of the union is the intersection of

the complements.
Second law :

( A B )' A' B '

Complement of the intersection is the union of

the complements.
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Example 22
By using set algebra, prove that, for any sets A and B

(i ) A ( A B) A B
'

(ii ) [ B ( A B ) ] A B
'

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Example 23
By using set algebra, prove that, for any sets A and B

(i ) B ( B A) A B

(ii) A B A A B
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The End
Of
Chapter 1
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