LECTUR

Reinforced
Concrete
E

By : - Dr. Ir. Anis Saggaff, MSCE

- Saloma, ST, MT

Civil Engineering Department

Faculty of Engineering

Sriwijaya University (UNSRI)

Indralaya - OI

July 5, 2015

CONCRETE COMPOSITION

Concrete
- Cement
- Fine Aggregate
- Coarse Aggregate
- Water
- Admixtures
+ Steel Reinforcement = Reinforced concrete

Concrete = Sand + Gravel held by a paste of Portland cement + water.

Cement/ Water / Air / Fine Aggregate

Coarse Aggregate

July 5, 2015

CONCRETE TYPES
CONCRETE

Normal weight

Heavy Weight

Dry density
2000 kg/m3< gc <2800 kg/m3

Light weight

Dry density
gc >2800 kg/m3

Dry density
gc < 2000 kg/m3

July 5, 2015

Cement Types
Portland cement Clinker content of at

least 95 %.
Portland composite cement - Clinker
content of at least 65 - 80%. Blast
furnace slag up to 35%. Puzzolans up to
28%. Ground limestone filler up to 20%
Blast furnace cement - Clinker content of
20% min. Blast furnace slag up to 80%.
Puzzolanic cement Portland cement
clinker of 60%. Natural or artificial
July 5, 2015
puzzolans up to 40%.

Important Mix Design

Considerations
Mechanical Properties
Materials
Compressive Strength

(1) Strength
(2) Workability
(3) Durability
(4) Economy
(5) Volume changes

StressStrain curve
Tensile strength
Modulus of Elasticity
Shear strength
Bearing strength
Shear modulus
Poisson's ratio

July 5, 2015

Static Principle of Beam

Types of Beams and Supports

Beams are classified according to the Support

Method Simply-Supported, Cantilever

Reactions at beam supports are Determinate if
they involve exactly THREE unknowns.
Otherwise, they are Statically INdeterminate July 5, 2015

Shear & BendingMoment

Goal = determine bending

moment and shearing force

at any point in a beam
subjected to concentrated
and distributed loads

Determine reactions at

supports by treating
whole beam as free-body.

Cut beam at C and draw

free-body diagrams for AC

and CB exposing M-V
System
From equilibrium
considerations, determine
M & V or M & V.
July 5, 2015

M & V Sign Conventions

P

Simply-Supported Beam with the X-Axis Origin Conventionally

Positive Shear

Right Member Pushes

DOWN on Left Member
Positive Bending
Beam Bows UPward

POSITIVE Internal
Forces, V & M

Note that at a Virtual

Section the Vs & Ms
MUST Balance July 5, 2015

Build M&V
b) Determine reactions at supports
Diagram
c) Cut beam at C and consider left
member AC

V P 2 M Px 2

d) Cut beam at E and consider

right member EB

e)
f)

V ' P 2 M ' P 2 L x

Plot V vs x
Plot M vs x
Note: For a beam subjected to
CONCENTRATED LOADS, shear
is CONSTANT between loading
points and moment varies
LINEARLY
July 5, 2015

Ultimate Load comprises:

self-weight (DL) of G, and
concentrated LLs of Q

Example of SS:
w

a
RL

G = 1.4w

a
L

Q = 1.6W

RR

R L * = R R*
= G.L/2+ Q
Vmax
USFD

Vmax

Mmax

UBMD

Vmax = RL* = RR*

Mmax
= Q a + G L2/8
So M* = Mmax for
our design purpose
July 5, 2015

Flexural Behavior
(Uncracked)
To study flexural behavior, lets consider this simple beam
w
c

f f c

f f r 2.0

f c

The beam is rectangular cross

section.

Elastic Bending (Plain Concrete)

-No Reinforcement in tension zone

-Load is small amount.

July 5, 2015

Design Size of Beam:

bw =
width

stirrup
(shear steel)

d = effective depth

H = Height

cLRebar
main steel
(longitudinal steel,
flexural steel)
Ab = area of one bar
Ast = total tensile steel

spacing

Clear cover

Units:
dimensions = mm or cm
areas = mm2 or cm2

July 5, 2015

Crack at Tensile:

Strain :

Stress :

f 'cf

C
T

Cracking moment Mcr

Mmax

Elastic Design
for not Crack
Approximately linear

c
z
s

C
T

Elasto Plastic Design (Yeild)

T < Ast fsy

July 5, 2015

At Ultimate :

>> y
BMD

C
z
T
=Ast fsy

Neutral axis moves upwards,

until concrete is stressed to
its limit

. July
. . 5,. 2015

Lets examine this

compression block more
closely . . . .

cu

Cu = T
z=jd

s > y

T
T =Ast fsy

This is true, provided that the steel yields before

(preferably much before) the concrete crushes.
This applies an upper bound to the area of steel we
July 5, 2015
may use safely in the beam - the upper ductility limit.
July 5, 2015

0.85 f 'c

dn
y

0.85 f 'c

Cu

dn

Cu = Resultant compressive
d force
n

b y
o

dy

dn

1
y y
Cu o

So : LA d dn y

VERY DIFFICULT So It is approximated

dn
2

dy

Cu

Cu

b dn 0.85 f'c
and

Jd = z = (d - dn/2)
This is the TS500
Rectangular Stress Block

0.85 0.007( f 28)

c

0.65 0.85

So Mcr = Ast.fsy (d - dn/2)

July 5, 2015

July 5, 2015

Mcr = Ast.fsy (d - dn/2)

So if we know all the properties of the section, we can estimate the
ultimate moment capacity directly
PROVIDED THAT . . .

we can estimate dn or (k1c)

SIMPLE:
Cu must equal to T. So if we call the depth of the compression block x,
Then 0.85 fcd b x = Ast fsy and x = Ast fsy / (0.85 fc b)

Mcr = Ast fsy (d - x/2)

July 5, 2015

SUMMARY: Behavior of Beam under Load

w

L
c

Elastic Bending (Plain Concrete)

Working Stress Condition

f f c

f f r 2.0 f c

f f c

T = A s fs
s

July 5, 2015

Brittle failure mode

cu= 0.003
C

Crushing

s y

Ductile failure mode

fs f y

T = As fs

c < 0.003
C

s y fs f y

T = As fs
July 5, 2015

Moment - Rotation Curve Test CF- 07 using Knee Method

(CF2R20P200-15)
600

MUC = 495 kNm

500

Moment (kNm)

MRC = 428 kNm

CF 07
(2 M20)

400

Theoretical Value
MRC = 305 kNm
300

200

UC = 25.60 mRad
RC = 16.82 mRad
100

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

25.00

Rotation, miliradians (mRad)

30.00

July 5, 2015

Moment - Rotation Curve Test CF- 05, CF- 07, CF- 06, and CF- 08
(CF1R20P200-12), (CF2R20P200-15), (CF1R24P250-15), (CF2R24P250-15)
600

Moment (kNm)

500

CF - 08
(2 M24)

CF 07
(2 M20)

400

CF 06
1 M24
300

CF 05
1 M20

200

100

CF - 05 (CFSIJ with Tight Reinforcements)

CF - 06 (CFSIJ with Tight Reinforcements)
CF - 07 (CFSIJ with Tight Reinforcements)
CF - 08 (CFSIJ with Tight Reinforcements)

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

25.00

Rotation, miliradians (mRad)

30.00

July 5, 2015

Moment - Rotation Estimation for CF-11 and CF-12 S-275

Using Moment-Rotation Curve Test Result N-07 and N-09

280.00
240.00

N-07 (FSIJ - Non Composite) for CF-12

Mj(CF-12) = 211 kNm
N - 07

Moment (kNm)

200.00
160.00
Mj(CF-11) = 103 kNm
120.00
MRd = 120 kNm

N - 09

80.00
N-09 (FSIJ - Non Composite ) for CF-11
40.00

u(CF-12) = 11.60 mRad

u(CF-11) = 13.00 mRad

0.00
0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

25.00

30.00

35.00

40.00

Rotation, miliradians (mRad)

July 5, 2015

Three Conditions of reinforced

beam
1. OVER REINFORCED BEAMS
Compression Failure
Members have large steel percentage
in this beams. The external fiber in
compression reaches the strain
capacity, cu prior to the yielding of
tension steel. The concrete will crush
before the steel yields. This is a
sudden failure.
This beam is known as an over-reinforced beam.
Codes prohibit over-reinforced beams by limiting the percentage of tension steel.
July 5, 2015

2. UNDER REINFORCED BEAMS

Tension Failure
The reinforcement yields
before the concrete crushes.
The concrete crushes is a
secondary compression
failure.
This beam is known as an Under-Reinforced Beam.
Beams exhibiting the tension failure behavior. This is desirable one.

July 5, 2015

3. BALANCE REINFORCED BEAMS

Balanced Failure
The concrete crushes
and the steel yields
simultaneously.

This beam is known as a Balanced-Reinforced Beam.

Beams exhibiting the both failure behavior. This is a Plactic Design.

July 5, 2015

Flexural Behavior
Which type of failure is the most desirable?
The under-reinforced beam
is the most desirable.
fs = fy
s >> y
You want ductility
system deflects and still
carries load. See Graph

July 5, 2015

Steps in Ultimate Strength Analysis:

1.

Check that Ast >= Ast.min

2.

Assume rebar has yielded : Then T = Ast . fsy

3.

Calculate depth of compression block:

4.

Check that ku <= 0.4:

x
ku
d

5.

Calculate Muo:

Muo T d

July 5, 2015

All Done for Today

Concrete Beam
Design
ST

Kuliah

Simple Beam

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INVENTION AWARDS 2006

International Invention Exhibition

Malaysia Technology Expo 2006

July 5, 2015
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