EGR 2042

INSTRUMENTATION &
MEASUREMENT
Chapter 1

Introduction to Instrumentation

Chapter 3

Oscilloscope

Transducer

Chapter 2
Chapter 4
Chapter 5

:
:

DC & AC meter measurement

Signal Generator

Modern Electronic Instrumentation and Measurement Techniques,

Albert D Helfrick & William D Cooper, Prentice Hall.
1
Elements of Electronic Instrumentation and Measuerement, Joseph J
Carr, Prentice Hall.
Principles of Electronic Instrumentation and Measurement, Howard
M Berlin & Frank C Getz Jr., Macmillan.

Siti Hajar Binti Md Aziz

Fakulti Telekumunikasi
Kolej Multimedia
2012

DEFINITION

Instrumentation is a technology of measurement

which serves not only science but all branches of
engineering, medicine, and almost every human
endeavor.
Or
A device or mechanism used to determine the
present value of the quantity under
measurement.
Electronic Instrumentation the application of
measurement technology in Electronic-related
field.

Hot/Cold

thermometer

35 0C

Measurement: The process of determining the amount,

degree, or capacity by comparison (direct or
indirect) with accepted standard of the
system
units being used.

Measurement
i- Simple measurement
hot/cold

thermometer

350C

ii- Complex measurement

hot/cold

thermocouple

amplifier 35 0C

Static measurement: are used to measure an unvarying process

condition.

Dynamic measurement: involves changing times

Chapter 1
Introduction to
Instrument
Instrumentation
i- analog
view is shown by the movement or deflection of null pointer
ii- digital
display in numeric form

STATIC CHARACTERISTICS

Expected value: the design value, i.e. the most

probable value that calculations indicate one should
except to measure.
Error: the deviation of the true value from the desired
value.
Accuracy: the degree of exactness (closeness) of a
measurement compared to the expected (desired value)
Precision: A measure of the consistency or
repeatability of measurement, i.e. successive reading
do not differ. (precision is the consistency of the
instrument output for a given value of input)
Sensitivity: The ratio of the change in output
(response) of the instrument to a change of input or
measured variable.
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION TO
INSTRUMENTATION
Standard Measurement

Standard : physical representation units of measurement

(used for calculate the value of a physical quantity, the
others by means of comparison)

SI (International System)
> Mechanical Unit

i. length : meter (m)

ii. mass : kilogram (kg)
> Electrical Unit
i. Arus

: Ampere (A)

ii. Voltan : Volt (v)

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MEASUREMENT STANDARDS

Measurement Standards

International Standards

Primary Standards

Secondary Standards

Working Standards

i.

International Standards

- Defined by international agreements, and are

maintained at the International Bureau of Weight &
Measures in France.
-and may be used for checking primary standards.
ii.

Primary Standards

- more accurate than secondary standards.

- they are maintained to the highest possible accuracy
by national institutions as references for calibrating
secondary standards. Example: SIRIM

iii.

Secondary Standards

-are used throughout industry for checking working

standards and for calibrating high accuracy equipment.
- more accurate than working standards.

iv.

Working Standards

- are used as measurement references on day to day

basis in virtually all electronic laboratories.

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MEASUREMENT UNITS
Quantity

Unit

Symbol

Length (l)

meter

Time (t)

second

Mass (m)

kilogram

kg

Current (I)

ampere

Temperature (T)

kelvin

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MEASUREMENT UNITS
Quantity

Unit

Symbol

Value

Frequency

Hertz

Hz

s-1

Velocity

Meter/second

m.s-1

Acceleration

Meter/secondsquared

m.s-2

Force

Newton

Kg.m.s-2

Energy

Joule

N.m

Power

Watt

J.s-1

Electric Circuit

Ampere

Electric Charge

Coulomb

A.s

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MEASUREMENT UNITS
Voltage

Volt

Electric Field

Volt/meter

Resistance

Ohm

Resistivity

Ohm.meter

Conductance

Siemens

Conductivity

Siemens/meter

Capacitance

J.C-1
V.m-1

V.A-1
.m

-1
S.m-1

Farad

C.V-1

Magnetic Flux
Linkage

Weber

Wb

V.s

Magnetic Flux
Density

Tesla

Wb.m-2

Inductance

Henry

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Wb.A-1

MEASUREMENT ERRORS
NO ELECTRONIC OR INSTRUMENT IS PERFECTLY
ACCURATE, ALL HAVE SOME ERROR OR INACCURACY.

Types of Error
Gross Error : Are essentially human errors that are the result of
carelessness.
Ex: misreading of an instrument.
Systematic Error : Apart from equipment error, some operator or
observer
error is inevitable.
Random Error: unexplainable origin.

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MEASUREMENT ERRORS
Absolute Error: possible error

Ex: If a resistor is known have a resistance of 500 with a

possible error of 50, the 50is an absolute error.
* This is because 50 is stated as an absolute quantity, not as
a percentage of 500 resistance.
Relative Error: when the error is expressed as a percentage
or as a fraction of the total resistance, it becomes a
relative error.
Ex: the 50 is 10%, relative to 500 , or 1/10 of
500 .
R= 500 10%

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e = Yn Xn
where; e : absolute error
Yn : expected value
Xn : measured value

% Error = (e / Yn) x 100 %

Relative accuracy, A = 1 (e / Yn)

% Accuracy, a = 100 % - % error

Precision = 1 [(Xn Xn) / Xn]

where; Xn : the measurement of the nth
Xn : average of n measurements

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EXAMPLE 1

The expected value of the voltage across a

resistor is 80 V. However, the measurement gives
a value of 79 V. Calculate:
a) absolute error
b) % error
c) relative accuracy, and
d) % of accuracy.

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Example 2:
Table below gives the set of 10 measurement that were
recorded in the laboratory. Calculate the precision of the 6 th
measurement.

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Elemen Peralatan Elektronik

- Transduser mengubah isyarat bukan-elektrik kpd isyarat elektrik
cth: termocouple
- Pengubah isyarat memproses isyarat elektrik yg diterima supaya
ia
lebih sesuai utk aplikasi peranti penunjuk
- Peranti penunjuk jenis pesongan atau jenis perpuluhan

Transduser Pengubah isyarat Peranti penunjuk

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Thank you for your attention..

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