5.

Concepts of SVC
Voltage Control
The performance of SVC voltage control is
critically dependent on several factors,
including the influence of network resonances,
transformer
saturation, geomagnetic effects, and voltage
distortion. When SVCs are applied in seriescompensated networks, a different kind of
resonance between series capacitors and
shunt inductors becomes decisive in the
selection of control parameters and filters used
in measurement circuits.

Dynamic Characteristics

voltagecurrent characteristic of the

SVC

voltage
reactive-power characteristic of the SVC.

Linear range

 The slope can be changed by the

control system in thyristor-controlled
compensators,
whereas in the case of saturated
reactor compensators, the slope is
adjusted by the series slopecorrection capacitors.

 The slope is usually kept within 1

10%, with a typical value of 35%.
Although the SVC is expected to
regulate bus voltage, that is,
maintain a flat voltage-current profile
with a zero slope, it becomes
desirable to incorporate a finite slope
in the V-I characteristics

Steady-State
Characteristic
The steady-state V-I characteristic of
the SVC is very similar to the
dynamic V-I characteristic except for
a deadband in voltage

Voltage control by SVC

A simplified block diagram of the

power system and SVC control system;

a phasor diagram of the ac system for the inductive SVC current; and
(c)
characteristics of the simplified power system and the SVC

 Equation 2 represents the powersystem characteristic or the system

load line. An implication of Eq. 2 is
that the SVC is more effective in
controlling voltage in weak ac
systems (high Xs) and less effective
in strong ac systems (low Xs).

Advantages of the Slope in the

SVC Dynamic Characteristic
The SVC slope
1. substantially reduces the reactive-power
rating of the SVC for achieving nearly the
same control objectives;
2. prevents the SVC from reaching its
reactive-power limits too frequently;
3. facilitates the sharing of reactive power
among multiple compensators operating in
parallel.

Reduction of the SVC

Rating

Prevention of Frequent Operation

at Reactive-Power Limits
small change in the system load line (from a
small variation, E2 E1, in the no-load
equivalent system voltage, as viewed from
the SVC bus) may
cause the SVC to traverse from one end of the
reactive-power range to the other end to
maintain constant voltage. The reactive-power
limits of the SVC are reached more frequently
if the ac system tends to be strong, that is,
when the slope of the system load line is quite
small.

Load Sharing Between ParallelConnected SVCs

 Consider two SVCs, SVC1 and SVC2,

connected at a system bus as
depicted in Fig. 5.4(a). The two SVCs
have the same ratings but the
reference voltages, Vref, of the two
control characteristics differ by a
small amount, . In practice, is
small, although it is not zero

two SVCs in parallel

with difference in the reference-voltage setpoints without
current droop

two SVCs in parallel with current droop and with difference in the
reference-voltage
setpoints

Design of the SVC Voltage

Regulator
two alternative ways of modeling the
voltage regulator exist:
the gaintime-constant form
the integratorcurrent-droop form.

In the gaintime-constant representation, the voltage regulator

is expressed
by the following transfer function:

Basic elements of SVC voltageregulation control with TSC.

Simplistic Design Based On

System Gain

an integrator
with susceptance-droop feedback;

an integrator with current-droop

feedback

 The block diagram of an SVC-compensated

power system is shown It is assumed that
1. the change in system voltage DV caused
by the SVC is small;
2. the SVC bus voltage is very close to the
nominal-rated voltage, that is, VSVC 1 pu;
and
3. the variations in the SVC reference
voltage are also quite small

A block diagram of the system voltage controller

incorporating an SVC

simplified block diagram of the system voltage controller for V

Vrated

 The following simplifications are made:

1. The voltage- and current-measurement systems
are considered identical.
2. The TSC switchings are ignored, and the droop
effect of the capacitive current is merged with Vref.
3. The only variable considered is the inductive
current IL, which reduces the system bus voltage .The
effect of
constant-capacitive SVC current on the SVC bus
voltage is incorporated in V0.
The influence of any power-system disturbance, Vz,
is neglected.

Effect of the system short-circuit

level on the SVC response time

EFFECT OF NETWORK RESONANCES ON THE

CONTROLLER
RESPONSE

single-line diagram of an SVC-compensated system and (b)

impedance-versus-frequency characteristics for an SVCcompensated system

Comparision of three
sysstem

Continue..

Continue..

 From the foregoing studies, the following are illustrated

1. The SVC response, in general, becomes faster with the increase in
transient gain of the voltage regulator.
2. If the gain is made very large, the SVC response may become
oscillatory
or even unstable.
3. A sluggish SVC response for a strong system becomes faster as the
system strength deteriorates. If the regulator gain is optimized for a
high
system strength, the SVC response may become unstable for a weak
system, implying that the SVC regulator gain should always be
optimized for the weakest system state to ensure the stable response
for any variation in system strength. The only repercussion of this
strategy is that the SVC response will become slower as the system
strength increases. However, this problem can be resolved through a
variable gain strategy.

Effect of power-system characteristics on the SVC

transient response

Choice of transient gain

Estimate of gain
1. identify the weakest network state
corresponding to the worst
contingency;
2. determine the ESCR0 and Fr0 from
impedance-versus-frequency studies;
3. calculate the transient-gain limit
from eigenvalue studies; and
4. choose the regulator gain as half
of the gain limit obtained previously.

Certain Features of the SVC

Response
As soon as a fault occurs, the
response of the SVC is det
When the fault is cleared, certain
overvoltage is experience detrmined
by its transient gain

Methods for Improving the Voltage-Controller

Response(Manual Gain Switching)

This method involves predetermining

the optimal regulator gains for
different system-operating conditions
and allowing the operating personnel
to manually switch the gains
according to the existing network
states based on breaker-status
signals

The Nonlinear Gain

The Gain Supervisor

 Gain supervisor check stability or

oscillations

The connection of gain-supervisor control to the SVC voltagecontrol

system (V Vrated).

1. block diagam of gain supervisor

2.1. i/p signal
2. o/p from pulse detector
3. o/p from pulse discriminiator
4. signal prop to the gain reduction

 Input Filter This is a bandpass filter with its center

frequency tuned to the frequency of the unstable
controller mode. It thus allows the supervisor to
respond only to the controller instability frequency,
not to other system instabilities.
Level Detector This unit detects the presence of
any oscillations. It compares the filtered voltageregulator output with a preset level and generates
pulses of duration equal to the time in which the
input signals exceed the reference level. The
magnitude of the preset level determines the
sensitivity of the gain supervisor.

 Pulse Discriminator The unit deletes

certain erroneous pulses emitted by the level
detector (such pulses do not imply an
unstable operation). These unwanted pulses
are generated when, for instance, there is a
sudden change in the regulator output in
response to a step change in the bus voltage.
A fixed number of pulses are eliminated in a
predefined time interval to avoid an
unnecessary reduction in the regulator gain.

 Integrating Unit This unit

integrates the total number of pulses
emitted by the pulse discriminator
and maintains this output until such
time that the integrator is reset. The
integrator output constitutes a
multiplication input to the voltage
controlled amplifier.

Behavior of the SVC voltage controller: (a) without gainsupervisor control

and (b) with gain-supervisor control

Effect of 2

nd

harmonics

Causes of 2nd Harmonic

Distortion

Reactor/ Transformer Switching

Near an SVC

transient response

TCR Balance Control