SGRS3123 : Kemahiran

Asas Literasi Maklumat

Program Khas Pensiswazahan Guru

HASNAN HASSAN
email: nan1184@uum.edu.my
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Cognitive Information Processing

 Without looking at it, try to describe your watch:

what color is the face

what marks the hours
what color are the hands
is there a second hand
does it say anything on the face

Assumptions of Human
Information Processing
Some learning processes are unique to humans
Mental events are the focus of study
The study of human learning must be objective and scientific
Individuals are actively involved in the learning process
Learning involves the formation of mental associations that

are not necessarily reflected in overt behavior changes

Knowledge is organized
Learning is a process of relating new information to
previously learned information

Terminology
Cognitive Process- any internal mental event and includes such phenomena

as perceiving, attention, interpretation, understanding and remembering

Learning vs. Memory - learning is viewed as the acquisition of new
information. Memory is related to the ability to recall information that has
been previously learned
Storage - the process by which new information is placed in memory
Retrieval - the process by which people find the information they have
previously stored so they can use it again
Encoding - the process by which information is modified before it is stored often helps storage
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Dual-Store Model of MemoryAtkinson-Shiffrin model

lost

input
input

Sensory
Register

lost

Short-term
Memory

lost?

Long-term
Memory

input

Sensory Register
capacity
form of storage
duration

The Role of Attention

the process by which people select

some of the environmental input they

receive for further cognitive processing

What do you see?????

Factors Influencing Attention

Size
Intensity
Novelty
Incongruity
Emotion
Personal Significance
Competition between similar tasks
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Which letters first draw your

attention?

aB cD

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Read the Italics Print...

Somewhere Among hidden the in most the

spectacular Rocky Mountains cognitive

near abilities Central City is Colorado the
an ability old to miner select hid one a
message box from of another gold. We
Although do several this hundred by
people focusing have our looked attention
for on it, certain they cues have such not
as found type it style.
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Incongruity
I took a walk to the rabbit this morning.

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Processes Underlying Attention

selective attention
automaticity
bottleneck effect

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Short-term Memory
capacity
storage form
duration

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Example 1. Memorize in sequence:

808810844033542
How many right?

1512

118

74

41
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Example 2. Memorize in sequence:

435797100084322
How many right?

1512

118

74

41
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Control Processes in STM

Chunking
Rehearsal
Retrieval

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Long-Term Memory
Capacity
Form of Storage
Duration

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Control Processes in LTM

Storage
Retrieval

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Are STM and LTM Really Different?

Consider:
acoustic vs. semantic memories
brain injury patients
changes due to aging

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Metacognition/ Executive Control

peoples knowledge of their own

learning, cognitive processes and their

regulation of those processes to
enhance learning and memory. Also
known as thinking about thinking.

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Implications for Instruction

Encourage multiple representations for

encoding
Organize information to maximize
retrieval
Support metacognition
Link new material to prior knowledge
Minimize interference
Recognize STM limitations

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