CCB/CBB 3033

ADVANCED TRANSPORT
PROCESSES /
TRANSPORT PHENOMENA
5. Energy Transport
Lesson 17. Shell Energy Balance
Lesson 18. Heat Conduction through a Slab
Lesson 19. Heat Conduction Through a composite wall

Lesson outcomes
At the end of the lesson the student should be able to
17. Explain shell energy balance
18. Solve problems concerning heat transfer through a slab
i. when wall temperature is given
ii. when the bulk temperature of the fluid before and after the
wall is given
19. Solve problems about heat transfer through composite walls

Energy Balance Equation for Steady State

SHELL ENERGY BALANCE FOR STEADY STATE

Rate of Energy
in by conv.
transport
Rate of Energy
out by molec.
transport
Rate of Energy
Production

Rate of Energy
out by conv.
transport

Rate of work
done by system
by molecular
transport

Rate of Energy
in by molec.
transport

Rate of work
done by
External Force

Energy Balance Equation for Steady State

Note the following points when you solve Energy Transport Problems:
1. The convective transport , molecular transport (conduction)
and the molecular work done can be added together to give the
combined energy flux e.
2. In non flow systems ( for which v is zero) the e vector
simplifies to q vector, which is given by Fouriers Law.

e q ( 12 v 2 H )v [ v]
In non flow systems v=0 therefore

e q

3. The energy production term includes (i) the degradation of

electrical energy in to heat (ii) the heat produced by viscous
dissipation, (iii) heat produced in chemical reaction.
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Common Types of Boundary Conditions

Common types of boundary conditions in energy transport
problems:
a. Temperature may be specified at a surface
b. The heat flux normal to a surface may be given
c.

At interfaces the continuity of temperature and of the heat flux

normal to the interface are required.

d. At solid-fluid interface, the normal heat flux component may be

given by Newtons Law of Cooling as follows:

q h(T0 Tb )
h = heat transfer coefficient
T0 = The solid surface temperature
Tb = The bulk temperature of the fluid

Heat Conduction through a Slab: Case 1

Conduction through a Slab : The temperatures of the two surfaces of q
slab are T1 and T2 and T1 > T2 . There is a steady flow of heat because
of the temperature difference. Determine the temperature distribution,
the heat flux and the heat flow at the surface.

T
T0

T1
x0

x1

Heat Conduction through a Slab: Case 1

Solution
Assumption
non-flow system, v =0
No energy generation( production)
No work done on the system by external force
Boundary Conditions
B.C.1 T=T0 at x = x0
B.C.1 T=T1 at x = x1
Energy Transport Mechanism

ex q x ( 12 v 2 H )v [ v] q x

Shell Energy Balance

x
T
qx|x+x

qx|x

x
Rate of Energy in by
molec. transport

Rate of Energy out

by molec. transport

WH (q x q x x ) 0

q x q x x
0
x

=0

(1)
(2)
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Heat Conduction through a Slab: Case 1

Taking the limit as x approaches zero

dq x
0
dx

(3)

Integrating (3)

q x C1 q0

(4)

Applying Fouriers Law of heat conduction

dT
q0
dx

(5)

Rearranging and integrating with the boundary condition , T=T at x=x

and T=T1 at x=x1

q0
T T1 ( x x1 )
k

(6)
9

Heat Conduction through a Slab

Similarly integrating with the boundary conditions
B.C.1, T=T0 at x=x0 and B.C.2 T=T1 at x=x1

q0
T0 T1 ( x1 x0 )
k

(7)

Rearranging (7) we get the heat flux at the surface at x=x1

(T0 T1 )
q0 k
( x1 x0 )

(8)

Heat flux

By dividing (6) with (7) we get the temperature distribution

T T1
( x x)
1
T0 T1 ( x1 x0 )

Temperature
distribution

(9)

The heat flow is found by multiplying q by the normal area (HW)

Q ( HW )q0 ( HW )k

(T0 T1 )
( x1 x0 )

(10)
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Heat Conduction through a Slab: Case 2

Conduction through a Slab-Case 2 : The Slab shown in the Figure
below is exposed to a fluid at bulk temperatures of Ta and Tb where
Ta > Tb . There is a steady flow of heat because of the temperature
difference. Determine the heat flux and the heat flow at the surface.

Ta
Fluid

T0

x0

T1
x1

Fluid

Tb
x

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Heat Conduction through a Slab: Case 1

Solution
Assumption
non-flow system, v =0
No energy generation( production)
No work done on the system by external force
Boundary Conditions

B.C.1

at x x0 q0 h0 (Ta T0 )

B.C.2

at x x1 q1 h1 (T1 Tb )

Newtons Law of cooling

Energy Transport Mechanism

ex q x ( 12 v 2 H )v [ v] q x

12

Shell Energy Balance

x
T
qx|x+x

qx|x

x
Rate of Energy in by
molec. transport

Rate of Energy out

by molec. transport

WH (q x q x x ) 0

q x q x x
0
x

=0

(1)
(2)
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Heat Conduction through a Slab: Case 1

Taking the limit as x is close to zero

dq x
0
dx

(3)

Integrating (3)

q x C1 q0

(4)

Applying Fouriers Law of heat conduction

dT
q0
dx

(5)

Rearranging and integrating ( specific integral) with the boundary

condition T=T0 at x=x0 and T=T1 at x=x1

q0
T0 T1 ( x1 x0 )
k

(6)
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Heat Conduction through a Slab: Case 2

Using Newtons Law of cooling

q0
h0
q
T1 Tb 0
h1

(7)

Ta T0

(8)

Adding (6) , (7) and (8) together

Ta Tb

q0 q0
q
( x1 x0 ) 0
h0 k
h1

(9)

Rearranging (9) we get

Ta Tb
q0
1 ( x1 x0 ) 1

k
h1
h0

(10)

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Heat Conduction through a Slab: Case 2

The heat flow can then be calculated as

Q0 WHq0

(11)

Using (10) in (11) we get

Q0

WH (Ta Tb )
1 ( x1 x0 ) 1

h0
k
h1

(12)

In terms of the overall heat transfer coefficient given by

Q0 U (WH )(Ta Tb )

(13)

Where the overall heat transfer coefficient U is defined by

1 1 ( x1 x0 ) 1

U h0
k
h1

(14)
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Heat Conduction through Composite Wall

Conduction through a Composite Walls: The composite wall shown in
the Figure below is exposed to a fluid at bulk temperatures of Ta and Tb
where Ta > Tb . There is a steady flow of heat because of the
temperature difference. Determine the heat flux and the heat flow at
the surface.

17

Solution
Schematic diagram

18

Heat Conduction through a Slab: Case 1

Assumption
non-flow system, v =0
No energy generation( production)
No work done on the system by external force
Boundary Conditions
B.C.1 T=T0 at x = x0
B.C.1 T=T1 at x = x1
Energy Transport Mechanism

ex q x ( 12 v 2 H )v [ v] q x

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Shell Energy Balance

x
T
WHqx|x

WH(qx|x+x)

x
Rate of Energy
in by molec.
transport

Rate of Energy
out by molec.
transport

=0

WH (q x q x x ) 0

q x q x x
0
x

(1)
(2)
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Heat Conduction through Composite Wall

Taking the limit as x is close to zero

dq x
0
dx

(3)

Integrating (3)

q x C1 q0

(4)

Applying Fouriers Law of heat conduction

k 01

dT
q0
dx

(5a)

dT
k12
q0
dx
dT
k 23
q0
dx

(5b)
(5c)
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Heat Conduction through Composite Wall

Rearranging and integrating (5a) (5b) and (5c) with the boundary
condition T=T0 at x=x0, T=T1 at x=x1 and T=T2 at x=x2

q0
T0 T1
( x1 x0 )
k01
q0
T1 T2
( x2 x1 )
k12
q0
T3 T2
( x3 x2 )
k 23

(6a)
(6b)
(6c)

Using Newtons Law of cooling

q0
h0
q
T3 Tb 0
h3

(7)

Ta T0

(8)
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Heat Conduction through Composite Wall

Adding (6a), (6b), (6c), (7) and (8) together

q0 q0
q0
q0
q0
Ta Tb
( x1 x0 )
( x2 x1 )
( x3 x2 )
h0 k01
k12
k 23
h3

(9)

Rearranging (9) we get the heat flux as

Ta Tb
q0
1 ( x1 x0 ) ( x2 x1 ) ( x3 x2 ) 1

k01
k12
k 23
h3
h0

(10)

The heat flow can then be calculated as

Q0 WHq0

(11)

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Heat Conduction through Composite Wall

Using (10) in (11) we get
WH (Ta Tb )
Q0
1 ( x1 x0 ) ( x2 x1 ) ( x2 x3 ) 1

k01
k12
k 23
h3
h0

(12)

In terms of the overall heat transfer coefficient

Q0 U (WH )(Ta Tb )

(13)

From (12) and (3) we get overall heat transfer coefficient U as

1
1 ( x1 x0 ) ( x2 x1 ) ( x3 x2 ) 1

U h0
k01
k12
k 23
h3

(14)

In general, for systems with n slabs

n (x x
1
1
1
j
j 1 )

U h0 j 1 k j 1, j
hn

(15)
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Lesson outcomes
16. Explain shell energy balance
17. Solve problems concerning heat transfer through a slab
i. when wall temperature is given
ii. when the bulk temperature of the fluid before and after the
wall is given
18. Solve problems about heat transfer through composite walls

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