Single Offset

The centre of rotation is moved back from the centreline of the valve disc. The
seat and seal are designed conically and on centre.This design relies on a
frictional interference seal and so is applicable only to soft seated valves
Double Offset
The centre of rotation is moved from the centreline of the valve body. The
seat and seal are design remains conical and on centre. This design again
relies on a frictional , interference seal, but the length of rotation over which
this friction occurs Is reduced, allowing a larger of process resistant seal
materials to be used. However these materials must be relatively soft or
highly elastic to prevent "jamming
Triple Offset
The centreline of the cone is ritated away from the valve centreline resulting in an
ellipsodal profile and providing the third offset. With this geometry, seat seal
interference is completely eliminated ensuring long sealing life. The result is a
torque seated, process pressure aided FRICTIONALESS seal. The geometry
allows the body seat to be used as the closed limit stop, aiding operator
adjustment. The Triple Offset design is ideally suited to metal seated valves
providing bubble-tight performance on high temperature, high pressure and
firesafe applications

Valve type

Common test standard

Steel gates, globes and checks

API 598

Cast Iron gates

API 598, MSS SP-70*

Bronze gates, globes and checks

MSS SP-80*

Pressure seal valves

ASME B16.34*

Steel valves larger than NPS 24

ASME B16.34*

Pipeline valves

API 6D*

Cast iron globes

API 598, MSS SP-85*

Cast iron checks

API 598, MSS SP-71*

Cast iron plugs

API 598, MSS SP-78*

Steel ball valves

API 598

Steel butterfly valves

API 598

Cryogenic valves

BS 6364, API 598

Pressure relief valves

ASME PTC 25, API 527

Control valves

ISA-S75, FCI 70-2

API 598, Valve Inspection and Test Widely used test specification around the
world. It covers all types of valves in sizes through NPS 24. It includes leakage rates
and testing criteria for metal-seated and resilient-seated valves.
API 527, Seat Tightness of Pressure Relief Valves Covers the seat tightness
of pressure relief valves. It also includes allowable leakage rates for testing with steam,
water and air.
ASME B16.34, Valves Flanged, Threaded and Welding End The primary
valve design document, it also contains charts for determining the working pressures of
valves to be used in conjunction with other test standards, such as API 598. B16.34
contains a test procedure, but no seat leakage acceptance criteria.
ASME PTC 25, Pressure Relief Devices Reference document for the testing of
PRVs, contains detailed procedures for testing relief valves with air/ steam.
FCI 70-2, Control Valve Seat Leakage It contains detailed test procedures and
leakage rate classes for control valves. The leakage classes are also occasionally
referenced by other documents and used as acceptance criteria.
ISA-S75, Hydrostatic Testing of Control Valves It provides a procedure for the
hydrostatic shell testing of control valves. Closure testing and acceptance criteria are
out of the scope of this document and usually are covered by referencing FCI 70-2.
ISO 5208, Industrial Valves, Pressure Testing of Valves ISOs primary
testing standard, this document covers all types of valves and has four levels of
allowable closure test leakage.

MSS SP61, Hydrostatic Testing of Steel Valves Similar to API 598,

But has some subtle differences in test holding times and leakage rates.
MSS SP70, Cast Iron Gate Valves, Flanged and Threaded Ends
Primary design document. it also contains testing procedures and acceptance
criteria.
MSS SP71, Cast Iron Swing Check Valves, Flanged and Threaded
Ends Primary design document ,also contains testing procedures and
acceptance criteria.
MSS SP78, Cast Iron Plug Valves, Flanged and Threaded End
Primary design document ,also contains testing procedures and acceptance
criteria.
MSS SP80, Bronze Gate, Globe, Angle and Check Valves Primary
design document ,also contains testing procedures and acceptance criteria.
MSS SP85, Cast Iron Globe & Angle Valves Primary design
document, also contains testing procedures and acceptance criteria.

The primary goal of PRV testing is to confirm that the valve will both
lift (open) at the correct pressure and provide the prescribed rate of
flow. A control valve is normally tested to measure its rate of flow as
well. Both PRVs and control valves are also tested to confirm the
integrity of their pressure envelope.
PRVs are tested in accordance with two primary standards: ASME
PTC 25, Pressure Relief Devices and API 527, Seat Tightness of
Pressure Relief Valves.
The common testing standards for control valves are ISAthe
Instrumentation, Systems and Automation Society of America ISAS75.19 and Fluid Controls Institute (FCI) FCI 70-2, Control Valve
Seat Leakage.
The upstream pipeline and petroleum valve industry also have their
own testing specification. It is located within the pages of the API 6D,
Pipeline Valves valve design document. API 6D leakage rates are
very close to those of API 598, but its holding times are longer.

Hydro tests and Pneumatic Tests

Fugitive Emission & Helium Leak
Tests
Cryogenic Tests
Fire Tests
Hot & Cold Cyclic Tests
Seismic Tests
Natural Frequency Tests
Static Load Simulation
Pipe End Reaction Tests

 Two basic types of valves:

a) Operating valves these are valves that are used a lot
b) Block valves seldom operated; serve to block flow through pipe
when needed such as during maintenance or shut-down of plant or
pipe line.
Valve Locations
a) Hand-operated valves should be located first, then locate auto valves
b) Hand-operated valves should be located for access ways and
maintenance areas
c) Drain valves should be located near valves where trapped fluid may be
removed
d) Operating valves more than 7-6 above grade or platform MUST have
a chain operator. Use of chain operators or manual actuators should
be limited
e) Important valves should be easily accessible for operation, repair &
replacement
f) Control valves should be located at or near grade or platform level
g) All valves should be located outside of pipe racks