CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
TO
SCIENCE

1.1 Science is Part of Everyday Life

. Science is the knowledge of things that

happen in nature.
. Science is a knowledge obtained
from the study of natural phenomena.
. Natural phenomena are things that
happen in nature.
. Examples of natural phenomena :
a. Births of baby
b. The growth of a baby to an adult
c. Melting of ice

d. Formations of rainbow
e. The fall of ball to the ground.
f. Eclipses of Sun and Moon.
g. Formation of snow
h. Occurrence of thunder and lightning
i. Occurrence of tsunami .earthquake
and tornado.
j. The growth of plants.

5. The importance of science in everyday

life :
a. In communication :
i. The mobile phone enables us to
communication with other
people easier and faster.
ii. The use of computers and
Internet has increase the
productivity in business.

b. In agriculture :
i. Farmer now use machines in
their work. The use of machines
saves times and labour.
ii. The knowledge from scientific
research on crops is used to
help farmers to increase the
productivity of their crops.

b. In transportation :
i. Transportation is easier ,faster
and more comfortable
ii. The knowledge from scientific
research helps to reduce
pollution and traffic congestion.

c. In security :
i. The use of the computer
increases the efficiency of a
security system.
d. In medicine :
i. Many diseases are cured by
medicines.
ii. Scientist are always trying to
find new medicines to cure
diseases.

6. Careers related to science

astronaut

archeologist

botanist

architect

doctor

engineer

dentist

Marine
biologist

nurse

pharmacist

surgeon

scientist

veterinar

Science
teacher

Computer
programmer

7. LABORATORY SAFETY RULES.

a. We need to work safely in the

laboratory.
b. Accidents can happen if we are
careless.
. The laboratory safety rules are :

8. Hazardous substances in the laboratory

a. There are many substances in the
science laboratory .
b. Some of these substances are
HAZARDOUS [ merbahaya ]
c. We use hazard warning symbols to
show the danger of the substances.
d. The hazard warning symbols are :

SYMBOLS

EXAMPLES
CORROSIVE
Concentrated
sulphuric acid
Concentrated
sodium hydroxide
Hydrogen peroxide
Causes damage
skin and eyes
upon contact

SYMBOLS

EXAMPLES

EXPLOSIVE
Sodium
Potassium
Explode easily

SYMBOLS

EXAMPLES
FLAMMABLE

Petrol , kerosene
Ethanol [ alcohol]
White phosphorus
Burns easily

SYMBOLS

EXAMPLES
IRRITANT

Ammonia
Chlorine
Chloroform
Causes discomfort
to the body.

SYMBOLS

EXAMPLES
POISONOUS
Mercury
Bromine
Lead
Sodium cynide
Hydrogen peroxide
Causes death or
harm if absorbed
through the skin,
swallowed or inhaled

SYMBOLS

EXAMPLES
RADIOACTIVE

Uranium
Plutonium
Radium
Give out radiation.
Can causes
cancer.

Makmal Sains
1.Makmal sains adalah satu bilik
di mana penyiasatan saintifik
dijalankan.
2. Radas- radas di dalam makmal
ialah :

RADAS

KEGUNAAN

BEAKER [ Bikar ]
Untuk

mengisi
bahan kimia dan
cecair
[ To contain
chemicals and
liquid]

RADAS

KEGUNAAN

BUNSEN BURNER
[ Penunu Bunsen ]

Untuk
memanaskan
bahan-bahan

[ To heat
substances ]

RADAS

KEGUNAAN

BURRETTE
[ Buret ]
Untuk

mengukur
isipadu larutan
dengan tepat.

[ To measure a small
volume of a liquid
accurately]

APPARATUS

USE

CONICAL FLASK

To contains
chemical
substances and
liquids.

APPARATUS

USE

EVAPORATING
DISH
[ Mangkuk
penyejat ]

To evaporate
liquids.

APPARATUS

USE

FILTER PAPER
[ Kertas turas ]

To use with
filter funnel
when
separating
substances.

APPARATUS

USE

FILTER FUNNEL
[ Corong turas ]

To separate
mixtures of
solids and
liquids.

APPARATUS

USE

GAS JAR
[ Kelalang Gas]

To contans
gas.

APPARATUS

USE

MEASURING
CYLINDER
[ Silinder
penyukat ]

To measure
the volume of
liquids.

APPARATUS

USE

RETORT STAND
[ Kaki retort ]

To hold
apparatus while
an experiment
is carried out.

APPARATUS

USE

ROUND BOTTOM
FLASK
[ Kelalang dasar
bulat ]

To contains
chemicals and
liquid

APPARATUS

USE

TEST TUBE
[ Tabung uji]

To contains
chemicals and
liquids.

APPARATUS

USE

TEST TUBE
HOLDER
[ Pemegang tabung
uji ]

To hold test
tube when its
heated

APPARATUS

USE

TEST TUBE RACK

[ Rak tabung uji]

To place test
tubes while we
are not using
them

APPARATUS

USE

THERMOMETER
[ Termometer /
Jangkasuhu ]

To measure
temperature

APPARATUS

USE

WIRE GAUZE
[ Kasa dawai]

To use when
heating
substances

APPARATUS

USE

CRUCIBLE
[ Mangkuk pijar ]

For heating
substances

APPARATUS

USE

TRIPOD STAND
[ Tungku Kaki
Tiga ]

To hold
beaker during
heating.

APPARATUS

USE

GLASS ROD
[ Rod kaca]

To stir
chemicals or
liquids.

LANGKAH LANGKAH DI
DALAM PENYIASATAN
SAINTIFIK
1.Langkah- langkah yang
terlibat di dalam
penyiasatan saintifik
ialah :

Eksperimen dengan menggunakan

ladung ringkas

Untuk menentukan samada panjang bandul

mempengaruhi tempoh ayunan bandul.

Mengenalpasti masalah
Apabila panjang bandul bertambah,
tempoh ayunan bandul juga bertambah.

Mencadangkan hipotesis

Experiment with the simple pendulum

Merancang prosedur dan radas- radas

yang diperlukan semasa eksperimen

Merancang eksperimen
jisim
Pembolehubah dimalarkan: ..bandul
panjang
Pembolehubah dimanipulasi :
bandul
Pembolehubah bergerakbalas : ...............
tempoh
..
ayunan bandul

Mengawal pembolehubah

Menjalankan eksperimen dengan

menggunakan panjang bandul yang
berbeza dan masa yang diambil untuk 20
ayunan lengkap direkodkan.

Menjalankan eksperimen
Panjang bandul

Masa yang diambil

10

lengkap ( s )
5

20

10

30

15

40

20

( cm )

untuk 20 ayunan

Masa yang diambil

untuk satu ayunan

lengkap ( s )
0.25

Collecting data
Draw a graph and analyse the results.
Length of
pendulum
( cm )

Analysing data

Time taken for 1 complete

oscillations ( s )

Apabila panjang bandul bertambah, masa

Yang diambil untuk melengkapkan satu
ayunan meningkat.

Mentafsir data
Masa yang dimbil untuk satu ayunan
bandul meningkat apabila panjang
bandul bertambah.

Making a conclusion

Making a report

KEGUNAAN ALAT- ALAT

PENGUKURAN.
PENGUKURAN

ALAT YANG

DIGUNAKAN

Panjang

Diameter
luar
Diameter
dalam

Pembaris, pita
pengukur,
benang,
opisometer
Angkup
luar,pembaris
Angkup dalam,
pembaris

UNIT YANG

DIGUNAKAN,

cm, mm,
meter( m ),
kilometer
( km )
mm, cm
mm,cm

PENGUKURAN

Luas
permukaan
yang
sekata

ALAT YANG

UNIT YANG

DIGUNAKAN

DIGUNAKAN,

Menggunakan
Formula dan
pengiraan.
[ panjang X
lebar]

mm, cm,
m

Menggunakan
Luas
permukaan kertas graf.
yang tidak
sekata

mm, cm,
m

PENGUKURAN

ALAT YANG

UNIT YANG

DIGUNAKAN

DIGUNAKAN,

Isipadu objek Menggunakan

pepejal dengan formula dan
bentuk sekata pengiraan.
[ panjang x lebar
x tinggi ]

mm, cm,

Isipadu objek
pepejal dengan
bentuk tidak
sekata

mm, cm,

Menggunakan
kaedah sesaran
air.[ tin Eureka,
silinder
penyukat ]

PENGUKURAN

ALAT YANG

UNIT YANG

DIGUNAKAN

DIGUNAKAN,

Suhu sesuatu Termometer

objek atau
makmal
bahan.

Suhu badan

Termometer
klinikal

Weight
( Berat )

Neraca spring
N
Newton, Neraca
spring mampatan

Mass [ Jisim ]

Neraca
tuas,Dacing,

mg,g,kg

MASS AND WEIGHT

1. The weight of an object is the pull

of Earth ( force of gravity ) on the
object .
2. The pull of Earth is called force of
gravity.
3.The S.I unit for weight is the
NEWTON ( N ).
4.The weight of an object is not always
the same. It changes from place to

place according to how strong the force

of gravity in that place.
5. SPRING BALANCE is used to
measure the weight of an object.

1.The MASS of an object is the amount

of matter in the object.
2.The S.I unit for mass is the kilogram
( kg ) .
3. The mass of an object does not
change.
4. We use a lever balance , a triple
beam balance or an electric balance
to measure mass.

5.On earth , 1 kg of mass = 10 N of

weight.
6.The weight of an object on the Earth
is 6 times greater than its weight on
the Moon.

USE OF MEASURING TOOLS

KEGUNAAN ALAT-ALAT PENGUKURAN

MEASURING LENGTH
[MENGUKUR PANJANG ]
1.LENGTH is the distance between
two points.
PANJANG adalah jarak di antara
dua titik
2.The S.I unit for measuring length is
Metre ( m ).

Unit SI bagi panjang adalah METER ( m )

3. Short length can be measured in

centimetres ( cm ) or millimetres
(mm).
Bagi jarak yang pendek , ukuran boleh
dilakukan dalam unit sentimeter
( cm ) atau milimeter (mm).

4. Tools for measuring length are :

Length of .

Measuring tool

A short, straight line

Metre rule

A long , straight line

Measuring tape.

The external diameter External callipers and

of a beaker
metre rule.
The internal diameter
of a beaker

Internal callipers and

metre rule.

A curved line.

Thread and metre rule.

4. Alat-alat untuk mengukur panjang:

Panjang .

Alat pengukuran

Garis lurus dan

pendek

Pembaris meter

Garis lurus dan

panjang

Pita pengukur

Diameter luar bikar

Angkup luar dan

pembaris meter.

Diameter dalam bikar

Angkup dalam dan

pembaris meter

Length of .

Garisan yang
melengkung

Measuring tool
Benang dan pembaris
meter.

5. Parallax error occurs if the position of

the eye is wrong when taking the
reading.
GARISAN LURUS

GARISAN MELENGKUNG

DIAMETER DALAM

DIAMETER LUAR

Diameter objek sfera ( bulat )

Diameter objek sfera ( bulat )

Diameter objek sfera ( bulat )

MEASURING AREA
1.The AREA of an object is the total
surface covered by the object.
2. The S. I unit for measuring area is
square meter ( m ).
3.The area of irregular shape such
as leaf can be estimated using a
graph paper.

Total number of squares =

[ Jumlah bilangan segi empat sama ]
Area of one square
= 1 cm X 1 cm
[ Luas satu segi empat sama ] = 1 cm
Area of irregular surface = ______ X 1 cm
[ Luas permukaan tak sekata ] =
_______cm

MEASURING VOLUME
1.The VOLUME of an object is the
total space occupied by the object.
2. The S.I unit for measuring volume is
cubic metre ( m).
3. Measuring cylinder, burette and
pipette are used to measure
volume.
4.The volume of solids ( regular and
irregular shape ) can be measured

by water displacement method.

Volume of lead block :

Final reading initial reading =
46 ml 39 ml = 7 ml

MEASURING TEMPERATURE
1.The temperature of an object is the
degree of hotness or coldness of
the object.
2.The S.I unit for measuring
temperature is Kelvin ( K ).
3. Thermometer is used to measure
temperature.
4.The temperature of an object is
usually measured in Degree Celcius