Seminar on

Mokashi Imrankhan Sherkhan

Guided by: M S Bobji

Importance of Fracture
Mechanics in Tribology
Wear
Erosion
Surface

Formation

Fracture Mechanics approach

Energy Based

: Energy release rate(G) and J

integral

Stress Based

: Stress intensity factor (K)

Displacement Based : Crack tip opening

displacement (CTOD)

Modes of Crack Propagation

Energy Approach
Repulsion

Distance
Bond
Energy

Attraction
Equilibrium
Distance xo
Tension

Bond
Energy

Compression

xo

Cohesive
Force

Distance

Griffiths Energy balance approach

First
documented
paper
fracture (1920) Considered
father of Fracture Mechanics

on
as

Energy Approach Cont

Surface energy Es = 2(2a B )

-Surface energy per unit area

B-Thickness of plate

Energy Approach Cont..

Total PE of Body with crack

U = UE Uwork + US
Strain Energy
System always try to minimize its PE

Thick plate is more

resistant to fracture or
thin?

J Integral
J Integral over a closed loop = 0
Path independent

Displacement
Approach

Displacement Approach
From Hookes law, displacement field can be obtained as

2(1 )
r
KI
cos
E
2

1
2

sin

2 2
2

2(1 )
r
KI
sin
E
2

1
2

cos

2
2

where u, v = displacements in x, y directions

(3 4 ) for plane stress problems
3
for plane strain problems
1

Stress Approach

Stress Intensity Factor

K a

for

K a

for

infinite plate
other geometry

can be obtained from : 1. handbook solution

2. approximate
method
3. numerical method

Stress near crack tip

xy

3
cos [1 sin sin ]
2
2
2
2r

3
cos [1 sin sin ]
2
2
2
2r

3
sin cos cos
2
2
2
2r

ij

a
f ij ( )
2r

Plastic zone size

Plastic Zone Shapes

y
plane strain

x
plane stress

Mixed Loading
KI

K Ic

n1

K II

K IIc

n2

K III

K IIIc

n3

where KIc, KIIc, KIIIc, ni (i = 1, 2, 3) parameters that characterize material near the concentrator,
determined experimentally

KI

K Ic

ni

K II

K IIc

ni

K II

K IIc
K III

K IIIc

ni

=1
ni

=1

Cont
KI

K Ic

ni

K II

K IIc

ni

K III

K IIIc

ni

(1)

Diagrams of the deformed body limiting-equilibrium state the conditions of mixed

(I+II), (I+III) fracture mechanisms
Curve 1 according to formula (1)
when KIII = 0 and ni = 4, curve 2
according formula (1) when KIII = 0
and ni = 2

Curves 1 and 2 are plotted according

to formula (1) when ni = 4 and ni =2
correspondingly

FATIGUE FRACTURE

Every Coin has two

sides
Useful

Fracture

Metal cutting
Rock cutting in Mining
Biting of candies

Unwanted

Fracture

Fracture of Liberty ships in World

war II
Fracture of wheels, axles and rails

Fracture Avoidance with

Proper Use of Material

Pyramid of Egypt

Schematic Roman Bridge Design

The primary construction material prior to 19th were timber,

brick and mortar
Arch shape producing compressive stress stone have high
compressive strength

Fracture Avoidance with

Proper Use of Material (cont)

Roof spans and windows were arched to maintain compressive

loading

REFERENCES
A book on Fracture Mechanics by
Prashant Kumar
Introduction to Fracture Mechanics
book by C. H. Wang

Finite Element Analysis

Stress

analysis near crack

Quarter point element

J-

integral