TOPIC 4 :HEAT

4.1 : Thermal Equilibrium

4.2 : Specific Heat Capacity
4.3 : Specific Latent Heat
4.4 : Gas Laws

HOT!
HOT!
HOT!
COLD!!!!!!!!

Take a cube of ice.

Ask students to hold the ice until
its melt.
Then, ask students why the ice
was melt.

Object A

Object B

Energy transferred at a
faster rate from hot object
A to the cold object B

Heat energy is transferred between two object

A and B in thermal equilibrium.

There is no net of heat between two

object that are in thermal equilibrium.
Two objects in thermal equilibrium have
the same temperature.
Two objects at different temperatures in thermal
contact will eventually come to a state of
thermal equilibrium. It does not depend on the
Mass
* size
Type of material
* shape

Thermal Equilibrium
Thermometer
Thermocouple
Liquid-in-glass
thermometer
Celsius scale

Upper fixed point

L100 = 100C
Steam point

Thermometer
scale
Fixed point

Fundamental
interval
1C = L100 L0
100

Resistance
thermometer

L L0
100C
L
100

L
0

Lower fixed point

L0 = 0C
Ice point

The liquid used in liquid in glass

thermometers
should :a). Be easy seen
b). Expand and contract rapidly over a wide
range of temperature
c). Not stick to the glass wall of the capillary
tube

Clinical Thermometer

Mercury in a glass,

Will expand if heated,

Flow in capillary tube,
Up and down with temperature,
Scale shows tenth,
Glass bulb thin-walled,
Mercury heats up
quickly,

Clinical
thermometer thats it.

Thermometer scale
Fixed point
The lower fixed point is ice point = 0C
The upper fixed point is steam point = 100C
Distance in betweens calls fundamental interval.

Lower fixed point

Upper fixed point

L0

L100

Fundamental interval
1C = L100 L0
100

Experiment Set Up :
Lower fixed
point
L0

cone

Upper fixed
point

Fundamental
interval

L0
Steam

Ice
melting

Roundbottomed
flask

Beaker
(a)

water

(b)

Boiling
water

THERMOMETER CALIBRATING

Apparatus
Water
ice
rubber stopper
Thermometer without scale
Wire gauze
Round-bottomed flask
Beaker
Cone
Bunsen burner

Procedure :
1)Ice-point
a) Put in thermometer without scale
into the melting ice as shown in the
figure
b) Determine the level of mercury in
the thermometer without scale
c) Measure the length of mercury
column, L0

2. Steam point
Arrange the apparatus shown has in the figure
b) Fixed the highest level at the thermometer
without scale when the water is boiling
c) Measure the length of the mercury level, L100
3. Divide the scale between ice-point and steam point to
100 division at equal intervals. Each division equals to
1C

Results:
L L0
100C
L100 L0

Given, L0 = 3.5 cm
L100 = 15.6 cm
The column of mercury= 12.2 cm
3.5
100C
15.6 3.5

12.2

= 71.9 C

= 71.9C

Discussion :
Expansion of the volume of mercury
when the temperature increases

Conclusion :
When calibrate the thermometer, two standard
points that is heated for ice-point and steam
point are chosen. The range of the two levels that
is divided into divisions is used to measure the
temperature between these levels

Questions :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

What is temperature?
Name the types of thermometer?
How to calibrate the liquid-in-glass
thermometer?
How to determine the distance between lower
and upper fixed points?
The distance between ice point and steam point
is 25cm, determine the temperature as shown
in the figure below.
100C

12 cm
0C

Specific Heat Capacity

Burn the wooden spoon and steel spoon
on a lighted candle for about 3 minutes.

Wooden
spoon

Steel
spoon

candle

What do you feel ?

I can feel that steel

spoon is hotter
than wooden
spoon.

Why ?

Because the steel spoon have a

greater Heat Capacity than wooden
spoon.

The quantity of heat

absorbed is depend on
the type of object or
the type of substance.
For example steel has
smaller heat capacity
than wood.

EXAMPLE
Handles of cooking
utensils are made from
plastic which has high
heat capacity.

Pan is made from

high steel which
has lower heat
capacity.

EXAMPLE

Handle of kettle is made from high heat capacity

material to enable consumer to hold or lift
during its hot.

 A women

in the kitchen finds that when

the same amount of water and cooking oil
are heated separately, the cooking oil
become hot faster than the water.

The water and oil are said to have different

specific heat capacity.

What is the Specific Heat

Capacity?
The heat energy take in or given out
when 1 kg of a substance changes
temperature by 1C
S.I unit -- J kg C

Q
C
m

Q = Heat energy
m = mass

= initial and final

temperature
respectively

Object

Specific Heat
Capacity

The rate of
temperature
increase

Low

Fast

High

Slow

EXPERIMENT :
Aim :
To find the specific heat
capacity of water.
Objective :
To determine the specific
heat capacity of water.

Apparatus :

12V Power
supply
Heater
Thermometer
Stop watch
Asbestos
Heat insulation
Stirrer
Beaker
Rod

heater

thermometer

beaker

Figure :
Heater

Thermometer
Stirrer
Water
Heat insulation
Asbestos

Specific heat =
capacity, c

60Pt

Jkg-1c-1

(m2m1)(1 2)

Calculation :
1.

Power of heater : P Watt

2.

Mass of water : (m2 - m1)g

3.

Duration of heating : t x 60 s

4.

Difference of temperature,
= 1 2

Discussion

The value of C that you get is different

from the actual of Specific Heat
Capacity, It is because some of the heat
is lost to the surrounding.

Conclusion :
The value of Specific Heat
Capacity is 4200 J kg -1C-1

Activity : Observe the change of temperature

0.5 kg

1.0 kg

T1C

T2C

1.5 kg

2.0 kg

T3C

T4C

To observe the change in temperature when the

same amount of heat is used to heat different

masses of water
Mass/ kg

Temperature / C

0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0

The water with the mass 0.5 kg has a _____ heat

capacity than the water with the mass 2.0 kg.
The larger the mass of the water, _____ is its heat
capacity

Specific Heat Capacity

Q = mc
=

m=
C=

Ep = mgh
Ek = 1/2mv
E = Pt
E=Q

mgh = mc
1/2mv = mc

Pt = mc

Example
1.

How much heat energy is required to raise the

temperature of 5 kg iron bar from 32 C to 62
C? ( specific heat capacity of iron is 452 J
kg C ).

2. A bottle containing 1.5 kg of water at

35 C is put into a refrigerator. What is
the temperature of the water after 157500 J of
heat has been removed from the water ?
( C water = 4200 J kg C )

3. A

block of copper with a mass of

5 kg is cooled from 100 C
to room temperature 27 C. How
much heat is released by
the copper block ? ( C of copper is
380 J kg c )

Determine the heat capacity

of a liquid if 300 kJ is required
to heat 2 kg of the liquid from
25 C to 85 C

4.

5. A 100 W electric heater is used to

heat 4 kg of olive oil for 10 minutes.

Assuming that there is no loss of
heat, calculate the temperature rise of
the olive oil. The specific heat
capacity of olive oil is 1890 J kg C.

6 .The water temperature at the top of a

200 m high water is 20 C. What is the
water temperature at the bottom of the
waterfall ? ( g= 10 ) ( c water = 4200)
7. A bullet traveling at 200 m s hit a sand
bag. The temperature of the bullet rises
by 50 C. Assuming hat the kinetic
energy of the bullet is converted into
heat energy which up the bullet,
calculate the specific heat of the bullet.

Specific Latent Heat

ice

candle

Specific Latent Heat

the

amount of heat required to change the

phase of 1 kg of substance at a constant
temperature.
l = Q/ m

Q = heat / energy
m = mass
l = Specific Latent Heat

SI unit - J kg

Gas

Latent
heat
taken in

Liquid

Solid

Latent
heat
given out

Latent Heat of Fusion

T / C

Melting
point

heat
taken in

liquid
Solid
+
solid
Liquid
t / min

Particles vibrate
about fix positions

Particles vibrate
and move each
other

During melting, the temperature remains constant

although heat continues to be supplied because
the heat absorbed is used to break up the bonds
between the particles
Particles
vibrate about
fix positions

Latent Heat of Vaporization

T / C
gas
boiling
point

heat
taken in

Liquid
+
liquid
gas
t / min

Particles vibrate
about fix positions

Particles vibrate
& move among
each other

During boiling, the temperature remains constant

although heat continues to be supplied because
the heat absorbed is used to break up the bonds
between the particles

Example : The heating curve for water

temperature
Latent heat of vaporization
gas
100
Boiling point

Temperature remains
constant &
Heat is absorbed

water
Melting point
0
-5

ice

Ice & water

Temperature remains constant &
Heat is absorbed

Latent heat of fusion

time

Electric heater
Ice
Filter funnel

After 5 minutes

Beaker
1

Power
supply

Beaker
2

Experiment figure :
Specific Latent Heat of vaporization
To power supply
heater
waterElectronic
balance
685.0

To power supply

After
5 minutes

heater
water
505.0

Electronic
balance

E= Pt

Ep = mgh
Q = ml
E =Q

Pt = ml

Ek = mv

Examples
An

electric kettle contains 3.4 kg of water.

calculate the amount of heat requite to boil
away all the water after boiling point has
been reached.
If the power of the heater is 2.4 kW, what
is the time taken?

( specific latent heat of vaporization of water is 2260000 J

kg )

Questions

100
80
B

60

40
20

A
2

10 12

A solid X with a mass of 200 g is heater at uniform rate by

an electric heater of 150 W. The temperature-time graph for
this heating process is shown in figure.

(a) Which point on the graph shows the beginning of the

melting process?
(b) What is the melting point of X?
(c) Define specific heat capacity and latent heat of
fusion.
(d) By utilizing the graph in figure, calculate
(i) the specific heat capacity of X
(ii) the latent heat of fusion of X
(e) Explain why the temperature of X is constant even
though heat is continuously supplied to it.

Specific Latent Heat

Conclusion :
the transfer of heat during a change of phase does
not cause a change in temperature.
specific latent heat of vaporization
of water = 2.26 X 106 Jkg-1
specific latent heat of fusion
of water = 3.36 X 105 Jkg-1

Boyles
Law

1
P
V

Gas laws

Pressure Law

T , constant

PT
V , constant

Charless
Law

V T
P , constant

Boyles Law

What happen to the balloon when we press

it like shown in the photo?

Boyles Law
Take one syringe.
Put the syringe between your two palm.
And press the piston.
Observe the change of volume when
they change the pressure.

Figure :

Bourdon
Gauge

Gas
Rubber
tube

Syringe

Experiment Figure :

clamp

syringe
clamp

rubber tube

Boyles Law said :

the volume of a fixed mass of gas
at constant temperature
is inversely proportional to the pressure
P1 V1 = P2 V2
P = pressure
V = volume
T = temperature

Charless Law said :

the volume of a fixed mass of gas
at constant temperature
is directly proportional to the pressure
V1 = V2
T1
T2

Pressure Law said :

the pressure of a fixed mass of gas
at constant volume
is directly proportional to the
Temperature
P1 = P 2
T1 T2

Questions :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

What are the type of gas laws?

What is the Boyles Law?
What is the Charless Law?
What is the Pressure Law?
A syringe containing 5ml of air at room
temperature, 27C. Then the syringe was kept in
a refrigerator and the temperature decreased to
3C. What was the volume of air in the
syringe?
T1= 27C

V1=5ml

T2= 3C

V2