Circulatory System

Yuorick A. Jardin
BSED-2C MAPEH

Do Now
Why

is it important for your heart to

continue beating even when youre
sleeping?
What does your body need?
What are some wastes?

Circulation and Respiration

Each

breath brings oxygen rich air into

your body
Your cells need that oxygen
Your heart delivers oxygen to your cells
Working

together, your circulatory and

respiratory systems supply cells
throughout the body with the nutrients
and oxygen that they need to stay alive!

Multicellular Needs

Unicellular organisms dont need a

circulatory system, because the cell is in
direct contact with the environment and
oxygen, nutrients and wastes can easily
diffuse across the cell membrane by
diffusion.
Multicellular organisms need a circulatory
system to transport substances made in
one part of the body to sites where they
are needed in another part of the body.

Function
The

circulatory system transports

substances including oxygen,
nutrients and wastes to and from
cells responding to changing
demands by diffusion (from high to
low concentration along
concentration gradient).

Structure

Humans have a closed circulatory system.

Blood is pumped through a system of vessels
(In an open system, blood flows in vessels and
sinuses/gills)

Sometimes the circulatory system is also

called the cardiovascular system because:
Cardio = heart
Vascular = vessels

The human circulatory system consists of:

The heart
A series of blood vessels
Blood that flows through them

The Heart

Located near the center of your chest

A hollow organ about the size of your fist
composed of cardiac muscle.
Enclosed in a protective sac of tissue called the
pericardium
Inside there are two thin layers of epithelial and
connective tissue
Contractions of the myocardium, a thick cardiac
muscle, pump blood through the circulatory
system
The heart contracts about 72 times a minute
Each contraction pumps about 70 mL of blood

Heart

Septum, or wall,
separates the right side
form the left side
preventing mixing of
oxygen-rich blood and
oxygen-poor blood
Flaps of connective
tissue called valves
divide each side into 2
chambers: totaling 4
chambers
Upper chambers receive
blood = atrium
Lower chambers pump
blood out of heart =
ventricle

Types of Circulation
Pulmonary

circulation = from right

side of the heart to lungs where
carbon dioxide leaves the blood and
oxygen is absorbed
Systemic circulation = from left side
of the heart to organs
Coronary circulation = through heart
tissue

Pulmonary Circulation

The right side of the heart pumps blood

from the heart to the lungs
In the lungs, carbon dioxide leaves the
blood while oxygen is absorbed.
The oxygen-rich blood goes into the left
side of the heart

Systemic Circulation

The oxygen-rich blood from

the left side of the heart is
pumped to the rest of the
body
Oxygen-poor blood returns
to the right side of the heart
This blood is oxygen-poor
because the cells absorbed
the oxygen and released
carbon dioxide into the
blood
The oxygen-poor blood is
ready for another trip to the
lungs to get oxygen again

Figure 37-2 The Circulatory System

Section 37-1
Capillaries of
head and arms

Superior
vena cava

Pulmonary
vein
Capillaries of
right lung

Aorta

Pulmonary
artery

Capillaries
of left lung

Inferior
vena cava

Capillaries of
abdominal organs
and legs

Coronary Circulation

Remember: the
heart is an organ
and needs
nutrients, oxygen
and creates
wastes.
Blood flows to the
tissues of the heart
too!

Blood Flow through the

heart

Blood leaves the heart in arteries, and blood returns to heart in veins.

Oxygenated blood returns from the lungs through the pulmonary veins to
the left atrium.
Oxygenated blood is pumped from the left atrium through the mitral valve
to the left ventricle.
Oxygenated blood leaves the left ventricle through the aortic valve to the
aorta, which is the largest artery of your body.
The aorta branches into various arteries pumping blood through your body.
Deoxygenated blood returns from the top of your body through the
superior vena cava and from the bottom of your body through the inferior
vena cava to the right atrium.
Deoxygenated blood is pumped from the right atrium through the tricuspid
valve to the right ventricle.
Deoxygenated blood leaves the right ventricle through the pulmonary
valve to the pulmonary arteries.
The pulmonary arteries pump blood to the lungs to absorb oxygen and
release carbon dioxide.

Heart circulation animation: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci

/Diseases/hhw/hhw_pumping.html

The Path of Blood

Valves

Blood enters into the atria of the heart, separated from the
ventricles by valves, preventing back-flow of blood keeping
the blood flowing in one direction
When the atria contract, the valves open and blood flows
into the ventricles
When the ventricles contract, the valves close preventing
blood from flowing back into the atria and blood flows out of
the heart
At the exits of the ventricles, there are valves that prevent
blood from flowing back into the heart
The lub-dup sound of your heart is caused by the closing of
the hearts valves. The lub is when the ventricles contract
and blood being forced against the artioventricular or A-V
(tricuspid or mitral) valves. The dup is the blood being
forced against the semilunar (aortic or pulmonary) valves.

Figure 37-3 The Structures of the Heart

Section 37-1

Superior Vena Cava

Large vein that brings oxygen-poor blood from
the upper part of the body to the right atrium

Aorta
Brings oxygen-rich blood from the left
ventricle to the rest of the body
Pulmonary Arteries
Bring oxygen-poor blood
to the lungs

Pulmonary Veins
Bring oxygen-rich blood from each
of the lungs to the left atrium

Left Atrium
Pulmonary Valve
Prevents blood from flowing
back into the right ventricle
after it has entered the
pulmonary artery
Right Atrium
Tricuspid Valve
Prevents blood from flowing
back into the right atrium after it
has entered the right ventricle
Inferior Vena Cava
Vein that brings oxygen-poor
blood from the lower part of
the body to the right atrium

Aortic Valve
Prevents blood from flowing
back into the left ventricle
after it has entered the aorta
Mitral Valve
Prevents blood from flowing back
into the left atrium after it has
entered the left ventricle
Left Ventricle
Septum
Right Ventricle

Heartbeat

There are two muscle contractions in the heart:

The atria
The ventricles

Each contraction begins in a small group of cardiac

muscle cells in the right atrium that stimulate the rest of
the muscle cells = sinoatrial node (SA node)
Since the sinoatrial node sets the pace for the heart it is
also called the pacemaker
The impulse spreads from the pacemaker through fibers
in the atria to the atrioventricular node (AV node) and
through fibers in the ventricles
When the atria contract, blood flows into the ventricles
When the ventricle contract, blood flows out of the heart

The Sinoatrial Node

Section 37-1

Contraction of Atria

Contraction of Ventricles

Sinoatrial
(SA) node
Conducting
fibers
Atrioventricular
(AV) node

Changing Heartbeat

Your heart can beat faster or slower,

depending on your bodys need for oxygenrich blood
When you exercise, your heart rate can
increase to 200 beats per minute
The autonomic nervous system influences
heart rate
Neurotransmitters released by neurons in the
sympathetic nervous system can increase heart
rate, and those released by the parasympathetic
nervous system can decrease heart rate

Blood vessels
Blood circulates in one direction and it
is moved by the pumping of the heart
As blood flows through the circulatory
system, it moves through three types
of blood vessels:

Arteries
Capillaries
Veins

Arteries

Large vessels that carry blood

away from the heart to tissues of
the body
Except for the pulmonary arteries,
all arteries carry oxygen-rich
blood.
Arteries have thick walls of elastic
connective tissue, contractible
smooth muscle, and epithelial
cells that help them withstand the
powerful pressure produced when
the heart contracts and pushes
blood into the arteries.

Capillaries

The smallest of the

blood vessels
connecting arteries
and veins
Walls are one cell thick
allowing for easier
diffusion of nutrients
and oxygen from
capillaries to body cells
and wastes and carbon
dioxide from body cells
to capillaries

Veins

Return blood to the heart

Veins have walls of connective
tissue and smooth muscle
Large veins contain valves that
keep blood flowing towards the
heart
Many veins are located near
skeletal muscles, so when the
muscles contract, they help force
blood through the veins, even
against gravity
Exercise helps prevent
accumulation of blood in limbs
and stretching veins out of shape

Figure 37-5 The Three Types

of Blood Vessels
Section 37-1

Vein

Artery
Endothelium

Arteriole

Capillary

Venule

Connective
tissue
Connective
tissue
Smooth
muscle
Endothelium

Smooth
muscle
Endothelium
Valve

Blood Pressure

The heart produces pressure when it contracts.

The force of blood on the arteries walls = blood
pressure
Blood pressure decreases when the heart relaxes,
but there must always be some pressure to keep
the blood flowing
Doctors measure blood pressure with a
sphygmomanometer recording two numbers
Systolic pressure = force felt in arteries when ventricles
contract
Diastolic pressure = force of blood felt in arteries when
ventricles relax

Average adults blood pressure = 120/80

Regulating Blood Pressure

With the nervous system:

Sensory neurons at several places in the body detect
blood pressure and send impulses to brain stem (medulla
oblongata)
When too high, the autonomic nervous system releases
neurotransmitters that cause the smooth muscles around
blood vessels to relax, lowering blood pressure.
When too low, neurotransmitters are released that cause
the smooth muscles to contract, elevating blood pressure.

With the endocrine/excretory system:

Hormones produced by the heart and other organs cause
kidneys to remove more water from the blood when blood
pressure is too high, reducing blood volume and lowering
blood pressure

Disorders
Disorders of the circulatory
system are very common:
High Blood Pressure
Heart Attack
Stroke
Most stem from atherosclerosis
= fatty deposits (plaque) builds
up on walls of arteries,
obstructing blood flow,
increasing blood pressure and
risk of blood clots

High Blood Pressure

Also known as Hypertension

Forces heart to work harder, which may
weaken or damage the heart muscle and
vessels
More likely to develop heart disease and
increased risk of heart attack and stroke

Heart Attack
A

medical emergency
Coronary arteries (supplying heart blood)
bring oxygen and nutrients to the heart
muscle itself
Blockage of coronary artery may damage
or kill part of heart muscle (myocardium)
due to lack of oxygen = heart attack
Symptoms include: chest pain/pressure,
feeling of heartburn/indigestion, sudden
dizziness, or brief loss of consciousness

Stroke

Blood clots may break free from vessels and get

stuck in a blood vessel leading to a part of the
brain = stroke
Brain cells relying on that vessel may begin to die
from lack of oxygen and brain function in that
region may be lost
Strokes can also occur when a weakened artery in
the brain burst, flooding the area with blood

Prevention

Cardiovascular diseases are

easy to prevent:
Exercise increases
respiratory systems
efficiency
Weight control reduces
body fat and stress
Sensible diet low in
saturated fat reduces risk
of heart disease
Not smoking reduces risk
of heart disease

THANK YOU!!!