NAVIGATION

INTEREST
From NAM Flying School-Airport, there will be a specific
object / landmark that we can use to reach the Main
Apron.
The same is when we are in a journey with a/c. For
example, we were going to training area, there will be
an iconic landmark to guide us.
The process of going from one place to other place is
called NAVIGATION.
For visual navigation, one of the most important objects
for navigation is a landmark, called CHECKPOINT.

NEED
Navigation ability is needed in every flight,
since we go to other place and we need to
know how to get there and come back again.
Remember, if you cant navigate properly, it
could lead to something called lost position.

TOPIC

BASIC
NAVIGATION

REVISION
Before flight, we always use navigation for everyday
activities, example: go to school, work, and market.
In flight, we must apply what we know from our
everyday activities. If we want to go to places, we
need :
DIRECTION
CHECKPOINT
DISTANCE
TIME
FUEL
ALTITUDE
Navigation is process monitor and controlling A/C
from a place to another place.

OBJECTIVE
Define Navigation

SCOPE
Basic Navigation

Navigator
Earth
Direction
Distance
Time
Altitude
Speed

REFERENCES

The Air Pilots Manual vol. 3 : Air

Navigation
PHAK chap. 15 : Navigation

ANY QUESTION?

SHALL WE CONTINUE?

OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
NAVIGATOR
Navigation is process monitor and controlling A/C
from a place to another place.
We must realize, as a pilot are navigator, since our
duty to monitor and control the A/C.
As a pilot, to be able to control it correctly, we need to AVIATE.
Then, we need to be able to tell where we are going. So the
pilots role is to NAVIGATE.
Last but not least, we must know that a pilot didnt work alone.
Along way, there must be a contact with another aerodrome, i.e.
Approach, Tower, and Radar. So, we also need to

COMMUNICATE.

OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
NAVIGATOR
AVIATE.
NAVIGATE.
COMMUNICATE.

OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
EARTH

Earths Shape
Oblate spheroid
flattened at the pole
bulge around the equator

OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
EARTH
Cardinal Heading

N
E
S
W

:
:
:
:

360 / 000
090
180
270

OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
EARTH
The nature of a sphere is such that any point on it is exactly
like any other point. There is neither beginning nor ending as
far as differentiation of points is concerned.
We use a system of coordinates to locate positions on the
earth by means of imaginary reference lines.
These lines are known as :
parallels of latitude
meridians of longitude.

OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
EARTH
Parallel of Latitude
The earth rotates on its northsouth axis, which is terminated
by the two poles.
The equatorial plane is
constructed at the midpoint of
this axis.
The particular parallel of latitude
chosen as 30 N, and every point
on this parallel is at 30 N.

OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
EARTH
Meridian of Longitude
Which is the measurement of
this east-west distance.
Longitude, unlike latitude, has
no natural starting point for
numbering.
Longitude is counted east and
west from this meridian through
180.

OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
EARTH
Latitude and Longitude
A circle contain 360 of arc
1 of arc
=60 of arc
1 of arc
=60 of arc

Example :
411020 N 215403 W
105610 S 1225303 E
020929 S 1060805 E

OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
EARTH
Latitude and Longitude

OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
EARTH
Equator : 0 of Latitude
Pole
90 of Latitude North
90 of Latitude South

OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
EARTH
Prime Meridian
International Date Line

OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
EARTH
Earths Magnetic Field
Generated because of
the molten rock in
earths core keep
moving and creating
convection flow.
The flow resulted in high
amount of electricity
inside the earth. That
caused a magnetic field
around the earth.

OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
EARTH
Latitude
Longitude

OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
EARTH
JAKARTA
Latitude
62000 S
Longitude
1060800E

OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
EARTH
JEDDAH
Latitude
215433 N
Longitude
391728 E

OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
EARTH
DISTANCE
Latitude
215433
62000
+

281 33
4

OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
EARTH
DISTANCE
Longitude
1060800
391728
5 32
66
0

OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
EARTH
REVIEW
Calculate Latitude & Longitude difference between 2 point
in the earth
X 452801N

91059E
Y 225429S
431147W

OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
DIRECTION
COURSE
Course is the intended horizontal direction of travel.
HEADING
Heading is the horizontal direction in which an aircraft is
pointed.
TRACK
Actual horizontal direction made by the aircraft over the
earth.
BEARING
Horizontal direction of one terrestrial point from another.

OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
DIRECTION
True Direction / Heading
The true heading (TH) is the direction in which the
nose of the aircraft points during a flight when
measured in degrees clockwise from true north

OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
DIRECTION
Magnetic Direction / Heading
Since the earth magnetic pole
(north magnetic pole is located
close to 71 N latitude, 96 W
longitude and is about 1,300
miles) displaced from the
geographic or true north pole,
there will be slight difference
in heading when we travel
near the pole.

OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
DIRECTION
Variation
Variation is the angle
between true north and
magnetic north.

Algonic Line
Isogonic line
Rule : West Best, East Least

OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
DIRECTION
Variation
Effect of variation to the compass

OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
DIRECTION
Deviation
Due to magnetic
influences within an
aircraft such as electrical
circuits, radio, lights,
tools, engine, and
magnetized metal parts,
the compass needle is
frequently deflected
from its normal reading.

OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
DIRECTION
Compass Heading
Is a heading which was indicated in compass.
To determine compass heading, a correction for
deviation must be made, since deviation caused
some disturbance on the magnet we have in the
compass.

OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
DIRECTION
REVIEW
True
Heading

Variation

Magnetic
Heading

Deviation

Compass
Heading

235

4W

239

1W

240

076

13E

063

2E

061

354

9W

003

4E

359

120

25E

095

3W

098

OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
DISTANCE
Great Circle Earth is a
sphere, Imagine it was
cut through it core.
It will divide the sphere
in perfect half.
The great-circle is the
shortest distance
between two points on
the surface of the earth,
measured along the
surface of the sphere.

OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
DISTANCE
Great Circle Distance
The earth have spherical shape. A
sphere have circumference 360 of
arc.
1 of arc = 60 of arc
1 of arc = 60 of arc
A standard unit of distance in
navigation is the Nautical Mile,
which is the length of 1 minute of
arc of any Great Circle / LATITUDE on
Earth.
1 nm = 1,852 m = 6,076 feet

OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
DISTANCE

Calculating Great Circle Distance

City A located at 62000 S 1060800E
City B located at 20929 S 1060805E
Calculate the distance between city A & B !
Since the Longitude distance very small, it can be
DISREGARDED. Remember : 1 of arc = 1 nm
62000
4 = 4 x 60 = 240 nm
20929 10
= 10 x 1 = 10 nm
41031
31

= 31/60

0,5 nm

250,5 nm

OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
DISTANCE
Great Circle Distance

OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
DISTANCE
Rhumb Line
Rhumb line is a line
crossing all
meridians of
longitude at the
same angle.
In a map, rhumb line
distance will look like
this :

OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
DISTANCE
Rhumb Line
In reality the rhumb line will
make a spiral path on its track.
WHY?
Because earth is a sphere, there
will be a gradient of latitude and
longitude as we moved near the
pole.
The gradient will make the angle
that intercept the meridian
steeper, so it seems like spiraling
around the earth.

OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
DISTANCE
Calculating Rhumb line distance
Here we can count the rhumb line distance :
longitude x cos (mean Latitude)
City A located at 162000 S
460800E
City B located at 440929 S 1060800E
longitude = 60 x 60 = 3,600 nm
Mean Latitude = (16 + 44) /2 = 30
3,600 x cos (30)
= 3,600 x 0.86
= 3,117 nm

OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
DISTANCE
Difference between
Great Circle and Rhumb
Line

OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
TIME
In celestial navigation, navigators determine the
aircrafts position by observing the celestial bodies.
The apparent position of these bodies changes with
time.
Time is measured by the rotation of the earth and the
resulting apparent motions of the celestial bodies.

OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
TIME
As Earth rotate, sun appears to move from east to
west.
The sun travels at a constant rate, covering 360 of
arc in 24 hours. The mean sun transits the same
meridian twice in 24 hours. The following
relationships exists between time and arc:
Time Arc
360 of arc
= 24 hours
15 of arc = 1 hour

OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
TIME
Time Zone
The world is divided into 24
zones, each zone being 15 of
longitude wide.
Since the time is earlier in the
zones west of Greenwich, the
numbers of these zones are
plus.
In the zones east of Greenwich,
the numbers are minus
because the time is later.

OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
TIME
GMT
Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) is used
for most celestial computations.
Also labeled as UTC or Z time.

OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
TIME
Local Time
local mean time (LMT) is
mean solar time measured
with reference to the
observers meridian.
measured from the lower
branch of the observers
meridian, westward through
360

OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
TIME
Time Conversion
Since we can conclude our local time from longitude, we can
also count the conversion of time with this rule :
360 of arc
=
24 hours
15 of arc
=
1 hour
1 of arc
=
4 minutes
15 of arc
=
1 minute
1 of arc
=
4 seconds
15 of arc
=
1 seconds

OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
TIME

Time Conversion
Example : Pangkal Pinang is located at 20759 N 1060701
Calculate the local time according to GMT !
USE
LATITUDE
!
HAHA!
PAY ATTENTION!
USE LONGITUDE

106=> hours = 106: 15 = 7 1/15 hours =

7 hours
mins
07=> minutes = 7 x 4 (sec) = 28 sec
01=> second = less than 15 can be disregarded

7
hours

4
28
mins sec

OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
TIME
Review
Time conversion :
Calculate the local time of Quito, Ecuador 01500 S /
783533W
78=> hours = 78: 15 = 5 3/15 hours = 5 hours 12
mins
35 => minutes = 35 x 4 (sec) = 140 sec =
2 mins 20
sec
5
14 22
33=> second = 33/15 x1 (sec) hours
=
2 sec
mins
sec

OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
ALTITUDE
ISA
A certain condition where the pressure is calculated
at MEAN SEA LEVEL indicated 1,013.25 hPa (or 29.92
In.Hg) with average temperature calculated 15C or
59F.
How could we manage to measure the exact pressure
at MSL?
We use Barometer.
Mercury Barometer
Aneroid Barometer

OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
ALTITUDE
ALTIMETRY Aneroid Barometer
mechanism
The altimeter measures the height
of the airplane above a given
pressure level.
Since altimeter is a modification
from aneroid barometer, the main
component is also the same. It
contain sealed aneroid wafers
which expand and contract with
changes in atmospheric pressure
from the static source.

OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
ALTITUDE
Types of Altitude
Indicated Altitude
the value of altitude that is displayed on the pressure altimeter.
True Altitude
The vertical distance of the airplane above sea level. The actual
altitude. expressed as feet above mean sea level (MSL).
Absolute Altitude
The vertical distance of an airplane above the terrain, or above ground
level (AGL).
Pressure Altitude (PA)
The height above the standard datum plane (29.92 "Hg and 15 C) is
PA.

OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
ALTITUDE
Height (QFE), Altitude (QNH) and FL (QNE)
QFE (Q code - Field Elevation ) : Air pressure above an
airfield . If an altimeter was set to QFE, it will indicate
HEIGHT above runway level / elevation (AGL)
QNH (Q code nautical height ): Air pressure above local
mean sea level .If an altimeter was set to QNH , it will
indicate ALTITUDE above local Mean Sea Level ( AMSL)
QNE (Q code Nautical Elevation ): Air pressure above mean
sea level in ISA condition. If an altimeter was set to QNE , it
will indicate ALTITUDE above MSL ISA ( PRESSURE ALTITUDE)

OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
ALTITUDE
Rule: High to Low, LOOK OUT BELOW

OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
ALTITUDE

Conversion of 29.92 In.Hg to 1013,2 hPa.

1 inch Hg = 1,000 feet
1 hPa
= 30 feet
1 inch Hg = 34 hPa
From hPa to In.Hg.
1020 hPa =. In.Hg

Rule of Thumb, always count nearest to

1000, SO :
Take the
Get 1.13
Get
60
20
Add
29.
Times x3
Add
.
53
Result 30.13 Inch
Get
60
Get 1.13
Hg

OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
ALTITUDE
Review
From In.Hg. to hPa
29.41Inch Hg =. hPa
Take the
41
Subtract 53
Get
12

Get
12
Divide
:
3
Get
4

Get

Minus
1000
Result 996 hPa

OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
SPEED
ISA (International Standard Atmosphere )
A certain condition where the pressure is calculated at
MEAN SEA LEVEL indicated 1,013.25 hPa (or 29.92 In.Hg)
with average temperature calculated 15C or 59F.
Airspeed is the speed of the aircraft in relation to the air
mass surrounding that aircraft.
It is necessary to know whether we have sufficient
dynamic pressure to create lift, but not enough to cause
damage, and velocity is necessary for navigation.

OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
SPEED
Pitot-Static System
Accurate airspeed measurement is obtained by
means of a pitot-static system. The system consists
of:
1. A tube mounted parallel to the longitudinal axis of
the aircraft in an area that is free of turbulent air
generated by the aircraft
2. A static source that provides still, or undisturbed,
air pressure.

OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
SPEED
Pitot-Static System
The heart of the airspeed indicator is a
diaphragm that is sensitive to pressure
changes.
it located inside the indicator case and
connected to the ram air source in the pitot
tube.
The indicator case is sealed airtight and
connected to the static pressure source.
The differential pressure created by the
relative effects of the impact and static
pressures on the diaphragm causes it to
expand or contract.
As the speed of the aircraft increases, the
impact pressure increases, causing the
diaphragm to expand. Through mechanical
linkage, the expansion is displayed as an
increase in airspeed.

OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
SPEED
Indicated airspeed (IAS)
IAS is the uncorrected reading taken from the face of
the indicator.
It is the airspeed that the instrument shows on the
dial.

OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
SPEED
Basic airspeed (BAS)
Basic airspeed (BAS) is the IAS corrected for instrument
error.
Each airspeed indicator has its own characteristics that
cause it to differ from any other airspeed indicator.
These differences may be caused by slightly different
hairspring tensions, flexibility of the diaphragm,
accuracy of the scale markings, or even the effect of
temperature.
It is considered negligible or is accounted for in
technical order tables and graphs.

OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
SPEED
Calibrated Airspeed (CAS)
Calibrated airspeed (CAS) is basic airspeed corrected
for pitot-static error or attitude of the aircraft. This
can be called position error.
As the flight attitude of the aircraft changes, the
pressure at the static inlets changes. This is caused
by the airstream striking the inlet at an angle.
Different types and locations of installations cause
different errors.
Can also called Rectified Airspeed (RAS)

OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
SPEED
Equivalent Airspeed (EAS)
Equivalent airspeed is CAS corrected for compressibility
error.
Compressibility becomes noticeable when the airspeed
is great enough to create an impact pressure that
causes the air molecules to be compressed within the
impact chamber of the pitot tube.
Since the speed of piston engine aircraft is slightly far
from reaching Mach speed, the EAS can be regarded the
same with IAS.

OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
SPEED
True Airspeed (TAS)
TAS is equivalent airspeed that has been corrected for
pressure altitude (PA) and true air temperature (TAT)
this called density error.
How to calculate TAS?
RULE OF THUMB :
TAS = IAS ( 1+Altitude/1000 ft x 2%)
TAS = EAS
/

Effect of TAS with altitude?

OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
SPEED
Ground Speed (GS)
The actual speed of the airplane over the ground. It is
true airspeed adjusted for wind. Groundspeed
decreases with a headwind, and increases with a
tailwind.

OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
SPEED
Effect of Altitude with speed (TAS)
Calculate TAS !
IAS = 150 knots
Altitude = 10,000 feet
TAS = IAS ( 1 + altitude/1,000 x 2%)
TAS = 150 ( 1+ 10,000/1,000 x 2/100)
TAS = 150 ( 1 + 0.2) = 150 x 1.2
Using formula : TAS = EAS
TAS = 150 x 1.225/0.875
/
TAS = 150 x 1.18

177 knots

180 knots

OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
SPEED
Review : Rule of thumb calculating TAS
Calculate TAS !
IAS = 250 knots
Altitude = 30,000 feet
TAS = IAS ( 1 + altitude/1,000
x 2%)
TAS = 250 ( 1 + 0.6) = 250 x
1.6
TAS = 250 ( 1+ 30,000/1,000
x 2/100)

400
knots
=

CONCLUSION
OBJECTIVE :
DEFINE NAVIGATION
KEY POINTS :

Navigator
Direction
Distance
Time
Altitude
Speed

END
ANY QUESTION?