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DSP System
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Applications of DSP
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Convolution
Correlation
Digital Filtering
Discrete Transformation
Modulation
Dr.Ajay Singh Raghuvanshi
Convolution
Convolution is one of the most frequently used operations in
DSP. Specially in digital filtering applications where two finite
and causal sequences x[n] and h[n] of lengths N1 and N2 are
convolved
where, n = 0,1,.,(M-1)
k 0
and
M = N1 + N2 -1
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Correlation
There are two forms of correlation :
1. Auto-correlation
2. Cross-correlation
1.
The cross-correlation function (CCF) is a measure of the similarities or
shared properties between two signals. Applications are cross-spectral
analysis, detection/recovery of signals that are buried in noise, pattern
matching etc.
Given two length-N sequences x[k] and y[k] with zero means, an estimate of their
cross-correlation is given by:
xy n
rxy n
r 0 r 0
xx
yy
rxx [n]
xx [n]
rxx [0]
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n 0,1,2,...
rxy n
, n 0,1,2
1 N n 1
x[k ] y[k n]
N k 0
1 N n 1
x[k n] y[k ]
N k 0
1 N 1
2
rxx (0) x[k ]
N k 0
n 0,1,2,...
n 0,1,2,...
1 N 1
2
, ryy (0) y[k ]
N k 0
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Digital Filtering
N 1
N 1
y n bk x n k
k 0
k 0
Filter structure
x(n)
b0
-1
+
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b1
-1
-1
-1
b2
+
Dr.Ajay Singh Raghuvanshi
+
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b N-1
y(n)
Discrete Transformation
Many discrete transformations exists but the discrete
Fourier transform (DFT) is the most widely used one.
DFT is defined as:
N 1
X (k ) x[n]W
nk
n 0
where W e
IDFT is defined
as:
N 1
1
kn
x[n] X (k )WN ,
N k 0
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j 2
0 n N 1
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Modulation
Modulation is defined as frequency translation
Modulation in time domain = x(t)y(t)
1
x(t ) y (t )
X ( j )Y ( j ( ))d
2
1
j
j ( )
x[n] y[n]
X
(
e
)
Y
(
e
)d
2 2
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Advantage of DSP
Guaranteed accuracy:
smaller size
lower cost
low power consumption
higher operating speed
Greater flexibility:
Superior performance
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Limitation of DSP
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n+1
Sample Time
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