EDUCATIONAL

PLANNING
Arnel A. Usman

The plans of the diligent

lead to profit
as surely as haste leads
to poverty.
-Proverbs 21:5

When planning for a year, plant corn. When

planning for a decade, plant trees. When
planning for life, train and educate people.
-Chinese Proverb

Objectives
At the end of the presentation, the
educational management students should have
gained an understanding of the following
aspects of educational planning:
Definition
Difficulties encountered
Necessity
Purposes
Systems approach
Advantages of systems approach

Overview of Planning
Planning is
Organizational function
Responsibility of individual managers
Required to shape desirable directions
Take account of change

More on planning in general terms

Endemic in all types of
organizations (economic,
political, social)
Precedes nearly every vital
decision
Results in concrete plans:
- operational
- procedural
- conceptual

CONCEPTS OF PLANNING
Relating the present to probable
future
- continuously assessing progress,
objectives, past decisions
- studying trends, forecasts,
predictions
Requirements arise from constant
change

PLANNING AND CHANGE

External Change
- economic, social, political,
technological
Internal Change
- organizational structure/size,
managerial and work-force
personnel,
services or products, technology

ROLE OF CHANGE IN
PLANNING
Planning is an executive action that
embodies the skills of anticipating,
influencing and controlling the
nature
and direction of change.

PLANNING AND CHANGE

Planning involves complex
processes of perception,
analysis, conceptual thought,
communication, decision and
action.

PLANNING FURTHER DEFINED

Process than a behavior at a given
point in time
All the thinking that takes place prior
to decisions or actions
anticipatory decision-making
Ackof
gamemanship or the employment
of strategy in the pursuit of goals
Hardwick and Landuyt
Gives value on creativity, innovation

FOUR MANAGERIAL
PROBLEMS
IN
THE PROCESS
OFConditions
1. Evaluation
of Present
PLANNING
2. The Factor of Time

3. Collection and Analysis of Data

4. Hierarchy of Plans

EDUCATIONAL PLANNING
DEFINED
rational scientific method of choosing
alternatives in matters of education
cover the needs of education in its social
subsytem, cultural subsytem, economic
subsytem
relates the educational systems to the
social, cultural, economic, political and
technological system of society

EDUCATIONAL PLANNING
DEFINED
a rational scientific approach to problems
of education
it is not only a blueprint but a continuous
process
identifies objectives and chooses the
most efective and efecient

EDUCATIONAL PLANNING
DEFINED
a communal responsibility, and at the
national level, a national responsibility
deals with the future, drawing
enlightenment from the past
only an instrumentality and does not
implement itself

PLANNING AND THE ECONOMIC

SYSTEM OF THE SCHOOL

1. Economic needs within a school

system are definite and specific
while the socio-cultural needs of
a school system difer from
person to person and are rather
vague and unlimited

PLANNING AND THE ECONOMIC

SYSTEM OF THE SCHOOL

2. Tensions due to economic needs

are better measured in
quantitative terms while social
and cultural systems are more
qualitative aspects

Methods of Systems Analysis

suffer from myopia in two
respects with reference to
Planning
1. They assume that productivity in higher
education is primarily measured by
matching manpower needs in the
vocations and professions with graduates
holding earned degrees in various
subjects.

2. Systems analysis models which

necessarily rely on such known and
quantifiable considerations such as the
number of students and faculty, student
faculty ratios, class size and work load,
must necessarily impose the present on
the future.

DIFFICULTIES
ENCOUNTERED IN
EDUCATIONAL
PLANNING
1. Social conservatism of educational
systems, gap between changes occurring
in society, social inertia or cultural lag due
to lack of upgrading aims, goals and
objectives of the school system;
2. Half-hearted attitude of administrators,
faculty members and students;

DIFFICULTIES
ENCOUNTERED IN
EDUCATIONAL
PLANNING
3. Lack of funds and lack of conviction of its
4.
5.
6.
7.

necessity;
Socio-psychological resistance by
administrators;
Lack of integration of the social, cultural
and economic subsystems;
Lack of reliable data concerning a school
system;
Lack of experts in educational planning

DIFFICULTIES
ENCOUNTERED IN
EDUCATIONAL
PLANNING
8. The fact that most higher education
institutions are in the private sector
(these HEIs have their own objectives,
characteristics and needs)
9. Administrators are concerned with daily
operations while educational planning is
directed towards the future;

DIFFICULTIES
ENCOUNTERED IN
EDUCATIONAL
PLANNING
10.Focus of education is actual imparting of
knowledge, skills and values at the
present time;
11.Interlocked elements and interdependent
decisions that need to be taken into
consideration;
12.Complexity of educational planning

DEFICIENCIES IN
EDUCATIONAL PLANNING
Difficulties in implementation due to lack of
time, money, institutional demands for
autonomy, opposition from institutions
and legislative inaction.
Mayhews Report on Planning
(1969)

DEFICIENCIES IN
EDUCATIONAL PLANNING
1. Planners seem more concerned with
growth and linear expansion than with
educational objectives;
2. Interest groups (often non-academic)
influence planning on such matters as
campus site location, architectural design,
program requirements, intercollegiate
activities and the creation of new

DEFICIENCIES IN
EDUCATIONAL PLANNING
3. The students role in planning is minimal
because planners tend to view students in
terms of numbers, teaching loads and not
as human beings whose actions afect and
are afected by conditions in the campus.
4. Facultys reluctance to participate in
planning

NECESSITY OF
EDUCATIONAL PLANNING
1. Rapid rise of student participation in
higher education due to the social
demand approach and universal access;
2. Economic squeeze on educational
systems.
3. Growing maladjustment of educational
systems to environment;

NECESSITY OF
EDUCATIONAL PLANNING
4. Unemployment rate is increasing while
educational cost is rising;
5. Discontent among youth with reference to
social structures in educational systems;
6. Scarcity of financial resources for
educational institutions;

NECESSITY OF
EDUCATIONAL PLANNING
7. Economic planning is a necessity;
8. Non-formal and formal educational
systems;
9. Imbalances in the educational system;
(oversupply of graduates in low-cost
courses, lack of strong faculty
development programs)

NECESSITY OF
EDUCATIONAL PLANNING
10.Supply of higher education has been in
excess of demand;
11.Non-financial and financial bottlenecks
(not enough administrative abilities
developed among administrators and
unqualified faculty)

NECESSITY OF
EDUCATIONAL PLANNING
10.Supply of higher education has been in
excess of demand;
11.Non-financial and financial bottlenecks
(not enough administrative abilities
developed among administrators and
unqualified faculty)

PURPOSES OF
EDUCATIONAL PLANNING
1. To develop an institutional mission
appropriate to the capacities and
resources of the institutions or the system,
to the socio-cultural and economic needs
of its students and the country, and to the
capabilities and ambition of its faculty and
administration;

PURPOSES OF
EDUCATIONAL PLANNING
2. To identify goals, objectives, programs
and projects which are consistent with this
mission and which will fulfill it;
3. To give a systematic consideration to the
needed and anticipated resources and
their use in the schoolsystem;

PURPOSES OF
EDUCATIONAL PLANNING
2. To identify goals, objectives, programs
and projects which are consistent with this
mission and which will realize it;
3. To give a systematic consideration to the
needed and anticipated resources and
their use in the school system;

SYSTEMS APPROACH IN
EDUCATIONAL PLANNING
1. Appraisal through feedback or through
measure of external productivity (use of
benefits gained)
- determine diference between desired
outcomes (objectives) and observed
products (benefits)

SYSTEMS APPROACH IN
EDUCATIONAL PLANNING
2. Identify:
- extent of integration
- extent of congruence
- extent of relevance

SYSTEMS APPROACH IN
EDUCATIONAL PLANNING
3. Then plan for optimization of benefits
through:
- improved internal efficiency
- increased relevance (better matching
of course oferings and societal needs)
- improved societal absorptive capacity

ADVANTAGES OF SYSTEMS
APPROACH
1. It assumes that a system has a plan, has
an aim
2. A system is adaptive, flexible, and will
take the options and constraints of its
environment;

ADVANTAGES OF SYSTEMS
APPROACH
3. It assumes that a system has a built-in
mechanism of quality control that
evaluates and provides feedback;
4. A system will maximize its productprocess-relation; minimize the input and
maximize output

PARADIGM OF
PLANNING
INPUTS

PROCESS

OUTPUTS

From assessment or
Evaluation Results

According to avowed
planning goals and
objectives designed
institutional sub
sytems

Improved quality of
educational services
availed to clientele

Thank you!