USING APA

CITATIONS

MLA vs. APA citation styles

Humanities courses are usually asked to style

according to MLA guidelines. Students in
science and research fields, meanwhile, are
often encouraged to follow the APA
guidelines. In college, the primary reason for
using a standardized reference format like the
MLA or APA is so that professional peers,
researchers, professors, and other academic
readers can understand the syntax (using
formal, academic language) and check the
references used in the written work.

IN-TEXT CITATIONS
Putting citations at the
beginning of the paraphrased
text.

Paraphrasing Using In-Text

Citation (Single Author)
The people in the country will support the new
policy. It will bring a lot of good to the poor.
Albert Benjamin, Policy and Living (2004), p. 6

This is the original text of the article. Not yet

paraphrased.

Paraphrasing Using In-Text

Citation (Single Author)
According to Benjamin (2004), the citizens shall
be in favour of the new scheme as it will benefit
the less fortunate (p. 6).

This

is the paraphrased version. Notice that

the author and year is cited at the
beginning of the sentence. Thus, its called
IN-TEXT.

Paraphrasing Using the In-Text

Citation (Multiple Authors)
A dialect is a language use which includes vocabulary,
grammar, and pronunciation that is unique to a particular
group or region. Audiences sometimes make negative
judgments about a speaker based on his or her dialect.
Such negative judgments are called vocal stereotypes.
Helen Chuah, Janet Holmes, and Tyler Nickelson, (2012),
Journal of Sociolinguistics, 6(1)
If

there are more than one author

Paraphrasing Using the In-Text

Citation (Multiple Authors)
Chuah, Holmes and Nickelson (2012) stated that
the term vocal stereotypes refers to the negative
judgments people sometimes make based on a
persons particular dialect. A dialect is a speech
that is unique to a group or region, and it includes
vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation.

You can cite a work by three to five authors

by mentioning all the names when you first
cite them.

Paraphrasing Using the In-Text

Citation (Multiple Authors)
Chuah et al., (2012) added that in order to
adapt to modern society, we have to be open to
change.

But

if you mention the work by these

authors again, you just need to cite the first
author followed by et al., (a symbol meaning
more than 2 authors), finalized by the date.

More Examples of In-Text Citation

(Muslim, Malay or Indian Authors)
Priyanka (2010) found that teenage girls were the
fastest growing group of new smokers in the country.
Priyanka Gopinanth (2010),
Young Smokers
http://www.thenation.com.my

When inserting citation for Indian names,

use their first names (e.g. Priyanka).

More Examples of In-Text Citation

(Muslim, Malay or Indian Authors)
Norhayati and Nasser (2008) reported that an effective
career plan will enable you to enjoy a satisfying career.
But you should set career goals and formulate an action
before you can meet those goals (p. 120).
Norhayati Ahmad and Nasser Wahab (2008),
Chase Your Dreams, p. 120.

When inserting citation for Muslims or Malay

names, use their first names (e.g. Norhayati &
Nasser).

More Examples of In-Text

Citation (No Authors)
According to the National Cancer Society (2005), 1
out of 100 people in Malaysia are diagnosed with
cancer due to poor diet.
National Cancer Society (2005),
http://www.nationalcancer.org

If the author is an organization or

government agency, cite the name of that
body.

More Examples of In-Text

Citation (No Authors)
In A dangerous result, (2013), it was stated that
Malaysian politics seems near breakdown. This gives rise
to the danger that there is a loss of faith in the political
process itself.
A Dangerous Result: What is Next? (2013),
http://www.nationaleconomy.com

If an online article or a web page has no author,

cite the first three words of the title within double
quotation marks (), followed by the year.

END-TEXT CITATIONS
Putting citations at the end of
the paraphrased text.

Paraphrasing Using End-Text

Citation (Single Author)
The people in the country will support the new
policy. It will bring a lot of good to the poor.
Albert Benjamin, Policy and Living (2004), p. 6

This is the original text of the article. Not yet

paraphrased.

Paraphrasing Using End-Text

Citation (Single Author)
The citizens shall be in favour of the new
scheme as it will benefit the less fortunate
(Benjamin, 2004, p. 6).

This

is the paraphrased version. Notice that

the author and year is cited at the end of
the sentence. Thus, its called END-TEXT.

Paraphrasing Using the End-Text

Citation (Multiple Authors)
A dialect is a language use which includes vocabulary,
grammar, and pronunciation that is unique to a particular
group or region. Audiences sometimes make negative
judgments about a speaker based on his or her dialect.
Such negative judgments are called vocal stereotypes.
Helen Chuah, Janet Holmes, and Tyler Nickelson, (2012),
Journal of Sociolinguistics, 6(1)
If

there are more than one author

Paraphrasing Using the End-Text

Citation (Multiple Authors)
The term vocal stereotypes refers to the
negative judgments people sometimes make
based on a persons particular dialect. A dialect is
a speech that is unique to a group or region, and it
includes vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation
(Chuah, Holmes & Nickelson, 2012).

The word and is replaced with the symbol & when put
in brackets.

REMINDER! You cannot use the symbol et al. for multiple

authors in end-text citation.

More Examples of End-Text Citation

(Muslim, Malay or Indian Authors)
Teenage girls were the fastest growing group of
new smokers in the country (Priyanka, 2010).

Priyanka Gopinanth (2010),

Young Smokers
http://www.thenation.com.my
When inserting citation for Indian names,
use their first names (e.g. Priyanka).

More Examples of End-Text Citation

(Muslim, Malay or Indian Authors)
An effective career plan will enable you to enjoy a
satisfying career. But you should set career goals and
formulate an action before you can meet those goals
(Norhayati & Nasser, 2008, p. 120).

Norhayati Ahmad and Nasser Wahab (2008),

Chase Your Dreams, p. 120.

When inserting citation for Muslims or Malay names, use

their first names (e.g. Norhayati & Nasser).

The word and is replaced with the symbol & when

put in brackets.

More Examples of End-Text

Citation (No Authors)
1 out of 100 people in Malaysia are diagnosed
with cancer due to poor diet (National Cancer
Society, 2005).
National Cancer Society (2005),
http://www.nationalcancer.org

If the author is an organization or

government agency, cite the name of that
body.

End-Text Citations (Author

quotes from another source)
Professor James Chin, from Monash University, said
that English was the language used in Malaysias
private sector. A lot of Malaysian parents are very
worried about the standard of English, he said. A lot
of parents realize that for their children, without
English they cant survive, not in the private sector.
Liz Gooch, The New York Times (2009)

This is the original text of the article. Not yet

paraphrased. The author is quoting from another
source.

End-Text Citations (Author

quotes from another source)
According to Professor James Chin of Monash University, the
private sectors medium of instruction was English. He further
stressed that the awareness on the importance of English
among parents have increased as without it, their children
would not be able to survive in the local workforce, especially
in the private sector (Gooch, 2009).
Liz Gooch, The New York Times (2009)

You have to cite the second source at the

beginning. But, the author who wrote the article
must be cited at the end.