Figure2.1Circuitsymbolfortheopamp.

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Figure2.2Equivalentcircuitfortheidealopamp.AOLisverylarge(approaching
infinity).

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Figure2.3Opampsymbolshowingpowersupplies.

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Figure2.4Invertingamplifier.

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Figure2.5Wemakeuseofthesummingpointconstraintintheanalysisoftheinvertingamplifier.

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Figure2.6Aninvertingamplifierthatachieveshighgainwithasmallerrangeofresistorvaluesthanrequired
forthebasicinverter.

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Figure2.7Summingamplifier.SeeExercise2.1.

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Figure2.8CircuitsofExercise2.2.

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Figure2.9CircuitofExercise2.3.

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Figure2.10aSchmitttriggercircuitandwaveforms.

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Figure2.10bSchmitttriggercircuitandwaveforms.

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Figure2.11Noninvertingamplifier.

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Figure2.12Voltagefollower.

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Figure2.13Invertingornoninvertingamplifier.SeeExercise2.4.

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Figure2.14Differentialamplifier.SeeExercise2.5.

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Figure2.15CircuitforExercise2.6.

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Figure2.20Iflowvalueresistorsareused,animpracticallylargecurrentisrequired.

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Figure2.21Ifveryhighvalueresistorsareused,straycapacitancecancoupleunwantedsignalsintothecircuit.

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Figure2.22Toattainlargeinputresistancewithmoderateresistancesforaninvertingamplifier,
wecascadeavoltagefollowerwithaninverter.

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Figure2.23AmplifierdesignedinExample2.4.

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Figure2.25Bodeplotofopenloopgainforatypicalopamp.

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Figure2.26Noninvertingamplifier.

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Figure2.27BodeplotsforExample2.5.

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Figure2.28Forarealopamp,clippingoccursiftheoutputvoltagereachescertainlimits.

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Figure2.29CircuitofExample2.8.

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Figure2.30OutputofthecircuitofFigure2.29forRL=10kVandVsmax=5V.

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Figure2.31Outputofthecircuitof
Figure2.29forRL=10kVandvs(t)=2.5sin(105pt).

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Figure2.32CircuitofExercise2.15.

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Figure2.33Currentsourcesandavoltagesourcemodelthedcimperfectionsofanopamp.

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Figure2.34aCircuitofExample2.10.

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Figure2.34bCircuitofExample2.10.

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Figure2.34cCircuitofExample2.10.

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Figure2.34dCircuitofExample2.10.

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Figure2.35AddingtheresistorRtotheinvertingamplifiercircuitcausestheeffectsofbiascurrentstocancel.

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Figure2.36Noninvertingamplifier,includingresistorRtobalancetheeffectsofthebiascurrents.SeeExercise~2.17.

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Figure2.37Noninvertingamplifier.

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Figure2.40BodeplotofthegainmagnitudeforthecircuitofFigure2.37.

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Figure2.42Noninvertingamplifierusedtodemonstratenonlineareffects.

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Figure2.45OutputofthecircuitofFigure2.42forRL=10kVandVim=5V.

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Figure2.46Unitygainamplifiers.

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Figure2.47Invertingamplifier.

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Figure2.48Accoupledinvertingamplifier.

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Figure2.49Summingamplifier.

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Figure2.50Noninvertingamplifier.Thiscircuitapproximatesanidealvoltageamplifier.

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Figure2.51Accouplednoninvertingamplifier.

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Figure2.52Accoupledvoltagefollowerwithbootstrappedbiasresistors.

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Figure2.53Differentialamplifier.

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Figure2.54Instrumentationqualitydifferentialamplifier.

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Figure2.55Voltagetocurrentconverter(transconductanceamplifier).

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Figure2.56Voltagetocurrentconverterwithgroundedload(Howlandcircuit).

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Figure2.57Currenttovoltageconverter(transresistanceamplifier).

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Figure2.58Currentamplifier.

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Figure2.59Variablegainamplifier.SeeExercise2.21.

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Figure2.60Integrator.

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Figure2.61SquarewaveinputsignalforExercise2.24.

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Figure2.62AnswerforExercise2.24a.

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Figure2.63Differentiator.

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Figure2.64aComparativeBodeplots.

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Figure2.64bComparativeBodeplots.

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Figure2.64cComparativeBodeplots.

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