Chapter 7 Muscles Power Point

Chapter 7:
Muscles
Copyright 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
McConnell and Hull: Human Form and Human Function
Chapter Objectives
Overview of Muscle
List five functions of muscle tissue.
Compare and contrast skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle
Structure of Skeletal Muscle Tissue
Using a drawing, identify and describe the special features of
a skeletal muscle cell, and explain hoe many such cells,
along with connective tissue membranes, are built into
skeletal muscle.
Skeletal Muscle Contraction
Define sarcomere and explain how muscle contraction
results from sarcomere shortening.
Chapter Objectives (contd)

Skeletal Muscle Contraction (contd)
Define sarcomere and explain how muscle contraction
results from sarcomere shortening.
Describe the composition of the thin and thick filaments, and
label the parts of the sarcomere.
List all the steps involved in muscle contraction, beginning
with an action potential in a neuron and ending with the
events of cross-bridge cycling.
List the steps involved in muscle relaxation.

Muscle Energy
Identify the used for ATP in muscle contraction.
Explain the benefits and disadvantages of different energy
sources (creatine phosphate, glycolysis, and mitochondrial
respiration): compare anaerobic and aerobic metabolism.
Compare the structure and function of fast glycolytic fibers
and slow oxidative fibers.
Case Study: Muscle Energy Metabolism: The Case of Hammid S.
List the different causes of muscle fatigue, referring to the
case study.

The Mechanics of Muscle Contraction
Explain how a stronger contraction results from modifying
fiber length and/or recruiting additional motor units
Provide examples of isometric, concentric, isotonic, and
eccentric isotonic contractions.
Discuss the effects of resistance training and endurance
exercises on muscles
Smooth Muscle
Define the structural and functional differences between
skeletal and smooth muscle.
List the steps involved in smooth muscle contraction,
including the different types of stimuli that can induce
contraction.

Skeletal Muscle Actions
Identify the prime mover, synergist and/or antagonist for
different body movements at each joint.
The Major Skeletal Muscles
For each body region (head, neck, upper limb, torso, and
lower limb) label the major skeletal muscles on a diagram
and indicate their insertion and origin.
Overview of Muscle
Functions of muscle
Move body parts
Maintain body posture
Adjust the volume of body structures
Move substances within the body
Produce heat
Back to chapter objectives
Overview of Muscle (contd)

There are three types of muscle
Most important differences relate to four qualities:
Location
Microscopic appearance
Whether or not they are subject to conscious control
Type of contraction

Types of muscle

Skeletal muscle moves the skeleton
Microscopically, skeletal muscle is striated muscle; it has
cross stripes (striations)
Mature muscle cells are long and thin (up to a foot long) and
are called muscle fibers
A muscle fiber is a single mature skeletal muscle cell
Skeletal muscle is voluntary muscle it can contract and
relax at will.

Cardiac muscle propels blood through the body
Cardiac muscle tissue is found only in the heart.
Microscopically, cardiac muscles are striated.
Much shorter than skeletal muscle fibers, but they are
branched and interconnected
Cardiac muscle is involuntary muscle we cannot control its
contractions by force of will.

Smooth muscle powers the actions of viscera
Found in thick layers in the walls of hollow organs
Also called visceral muscle
Adjusts the volume of hollow structures and helps move
substances through the body
Smooth muscle is nonstriated muscle; it has a uniform
smooth appearance, without striations
Involuntary
Generally do not fatigue

All muscle tissue is extensive
All muscle is capable of stretching without tearing, a quality
called.
If muscle did not have this quality, simple actions would cause
it to teat.
Overview of Muscle (Review)

Name two types of striated muscle.
Overview of Muscle (Review)

Answer: skeletal and cardiac
Structure of Skeletal Muscle Tissue

The structure of a muscle cell reflects its function
Sarcolemma the cell membrane
Surrounds the cytoplasm but also tunnels deep into the
interior of the muscle fiber as a network of T-tubules.
Action potentials travel down T-tubules and enable
coordinated muscle contraction
Structure of Skeletal Muscle Tissue (contd)

The structure of a muscle cell reflects its function
Sarcoplasm the cytoplasm of the muscle cell contains
these structures:
Microfibrils
Threadlike organelles that accomplish the work of
muscle contraction
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Network of fluid-filled tubules similar to the smooth
endoplasmic reticulum.

Sarcoplasm the cytoplasm of the muscle cell contains
these structures:
Mitochondria
Generate ATP that fuels muscle contraction
Myoglobin
An iron-containing compound; stores oxygen used to
generate energy for muscle contraction

Skeletal muscle cells and muscles

Connective tissue wraps muscle fibers, fascicles, and whole
muscles
Individual muscle cells are wrapped in a sheath of connective
tissue called the endomysium.
Groups of 100 muscle fibers are formed into structural and
functional bundles called fascicles.
These are wrapped with a thicker, tougher sheath of
connective tissue called the perimysium.

Groups of fascicles form muscles, which are wrapped by a
tough layer of connective tissue called the epimysium.
When formed into a thick, tough cord for attachment at a
single point, the epimysium is called a tendon.
When formed into a sheet for broader, linear attachment,
the epimysium is called an aponeurosis.
Structure of Skeletal Muscle Tissue (Review)

Are tendons examples of epithelial tissue or connective tissue?
Structure of Skeletal Muscle Tissue (Review)

Answer: connective
Skeletal Muscle Contraction

A motor unit is a motor neuron and the muscle fibers it controls
A somatic motor neuron carries a signal that stimulates
contraction in skeletal muscle.
A visceral motor neuron carries a signal to smooth muscle
or glands
The cell bodies of motor neurons are located in the brain
or spinal cord and send long cytoplasmic extensions
called axons

Motor neurons connect to muscle fibers at the neuromuscular
junction
The neuromuscular junction includes:
The synaptic bulb of the neuron
The motor end plate of the muscle fiber
The synaptic cleft

Motor units and the neuromuscular junction

Chemical synapses use neurotransmitters to transmit a signal
between two adjacent cells.
The basic process is the same in all synapses:
In response to an action potential in the presynaptic cell,
neurotransmitter is released into the synaptic cleft.
It binds to specific receptors on the postsynaptic cell, altering
its electrical activity

Neuromuscular junction is more specific: an action potential in the
presynaptic cell always results in an action potential in the post
synaptic cell.
Every skeletal neuromuscular junction uses the same
neurotransmitter (acetylcholine) and the same
neurotransmitter receptor (nicotinic cholinergic receptor)
The receptor is a ligand-gated ion channel

Events at the neuromuscular junction
1. Electrical signal at the somatic motor neuron
2. Chemical signal (Ach) in the synapse
3. Electrical signal in the sarcolemma
4. A chemical signal (calcium) in the sarcoplasm

Events at the neuromuscular junction

Sarcomere are the functional units of myofibrils
Each myofibril is a bundle of two types of long myofilaments:
thick filaments and thin filaments.
Thin filaments have Z-discs on one end.
Thin and thick filaments in alternating rows
During a muscle contraction the filaments slide past each
other
A single sarcomere is small.
Sarcomeres lined up end to end produce a myofibril that runs
the entire length of a muscle fiber.

Pencils can be used to model a sarcomere.

Myofilaments are composed of contractile proteins
The molecular structure of thick and thin filaments is essential
to the contractile nature of myofilaments.
Thick filaments are bundles of myosin protein.
Each molecule of myosin is composed of a long shaft,
one end of which terminates in two globular heads
Each myosin head has two binding sites
One site for ATP
One site for thin filaments

Many myosin molecules with their heads pointing in opposite
directions are bundled together to form a thick filament.
Thin filaments are composed of three proteins, actin,
tropomyosin, and troponin.
Each thin filament contains two long strands of actin
molecules that are twisted together
Each actin molecule contains a binding site for a myosin
head
In the resting state, the binding site is covered with
tropomyosin

Thin filaments
Troponin is the third constituentit controls the trypomyosin
molecules.
Keeps them in place over the binding sites in relaxed
muscle
Moves them out of the way for contraction to occur

Sarcomeres shorten via the cross-bridge cycle
The Cross-bridge cycle
Cross-bridge formation
Power stroke
Cross-bridge detachment

The cross-bridge cycle
1. Myosin binding sites on the actin molecules are covered in
resting fibers.
2. Action potential releases Ca2+ from the SR.
3. Ca2+ binds troponin. Tropomyosin moves, revealing myosin
binding sites.
4. Cross-bridge forms when myosin head binds actin.
5. Myosin head pivots, moving actin. ADP and P dissociate
from the myosin head.
6. Myosin head releases actin when a fresh ATP binds.
7. Myosin head binds next actin. ATP is cleaved into ADP and
P+, and the cycle repeats.

The cross-bridge cycle

Muscle relaxes when cross-bridge cycling ceases
1. Without continued actions in the motor neuron, Ach release
ceases.
2. Without ACh, nicotinic receptor channels close; action
potentials in sarcolemma cease
3. SR calcium channels close when action potentials cease.
4. As sarcoplasm Ca2+ concentration drops, Ca2+ sissociates
from troponin. Tropomyosin resumes its previous position
over the myosin binding sites.
5. The thick filaments lose their grip on the thin filaments, and
the sarcomere returns to its resting length.

Muscle contraction and relaxation
Skeletal Muscle Contraction (Review)

What is a motor unit?
Skeletal Muscle Contraction (Review)

Answer: a somatic motor neuron and the skeletal muscle fibers it
innervates
Muscle Energy
Introduction
ATP fuels three important aspects of muscle activity:
Sarcolemma membrane potential
Cross-bridge cycling
Muscle relaxation
ATP + H2O ADP + H2O + PO4 + energy
Muscle Energy (contd)

Different processes can generate ATP
ATP stores and creatine phosphate provide immediate energy
Creatine phosphate converts ADP back into ATP
Unique to muscles
Glycolysis produces pyruvate and ATP
Fastest method of generating ATP from nutrients
Called glycogenolysis
Occurs in the cytosol of muscle cells
Does not require oxygen

Mitochondria break down various nutrients and produce ATP
Two components
Citric acid cycle
Mitochondrial respiration
Requires oxygen
Pyruvate or fatty acids + O2 CO2 + H2O + ATP

Muscle energy

Muscle cells contract aerobically or anaerobically
Muscle cells function aerobically if three conditions are met:
1. The muscle cell containe abundant mitochondria.
2. The muscle cell is supplied with adequate oxygen.
3. The ATP needs of the muscle cell are low or moderate.

Athletic activities requiring short-lived, powerful contractions
are anaerobic they meet their needs using processes that
do not require oxygen.
Depends on glycogen stores
Lactic acid produces as a glycolytic end product is
metabolized further

Anaerobic metabolism occurs in three circumstances:
1. Imposed demand
2. Preferentially in glycolytic muscle fibers
3. At the beginning of exercise

Skeletal muscle fibers are oxidative or glycolytic
Slow-twitch (oxidative, type I) fibers optimized for aerobic
metabolism
Fast-twitch (glycolytic, type II) fibers optimized for
anaerobic metabolism
Most human skeletal muscles are a mixture of slow and fasttwitch muscle fibers.
The fibers of any given motor unit are all of the same type.

Muscle fiber types

Skeletal muscle experiences fatigue
When muscle is vigorously exercised for a long time, it loses
the ability to respond to nerve stimulation.
This is known as muscle fatigue.
The major limit in submaximal endurance exercise is the
ability to generate ATP.
Fatigue in maximal anaerobic exercise is thought to reflect
phosphate accumulation.
Muscle Energy (Review)

Which nutrient generates more ATP per molecule glucose or
fatty acid?
Muscle Energy (Review)

Answer: fatty acid
Case Study: Muscle Energy Metabolism: The Case

of Hammid S.
Understanding how muscle gets its energy supplies is the key to
understanding Hammids signs and symptoms.
1. ATP stores and creating phosphate fuel the first few seconds
of any contraction.
2. Glycogenolysis followed by glycolysis can also generate
energy relatively quickly at the beginning of a contraction.
3. Aerobic metabolism provides a steady supply of ATP over
the long term.

of Hammid S. (contd)
Hammid does not have the enzyme glycogen phosphorylase,
which breaks down glycogen.
Hammid has no difficulty initiating muscle contractions.
His problems arise during sustained activity that exhaust
available fuel.
Lactic acid levels did not rise as they should during normal
physical activity.
Lacks enzyme needed to break down glycogen to supply
glucose
When Hammids muscles call for large amounts of fuel, the
call goes unanswered; ATP levels fall to dangerously low
levels.

Hammid get muscle cramps, creatine levels are elevated in
Hammids blood.
Myoglobin stains his urine brown.
Hammids parents were advised to help Hammid with the
following:
Encourage moderate exercise (jogging rather than soccer)
Consume a candy bar or sugary drink before exercise
Insist he stop exercising when cramping occurs

Hammids muscle energy metabolism

of Hammid S. (Review)
Is Hammid suffering from a shortage of ATP, creatine phosphate,
or calcium?

of Hammid S. (Review)
Answer: ATP
The Mechanics of Muscle Contraction

The force an individual muscle exerts depends on:
The force exerted by each contracting fiber
The number of motor neurons contracting
The Mechanics of Muscle Contraction (contd)

Contractile power depends on muscle fiber length
At the optimal sarcomere length, all of the myosin heads are
positioned to be in contact with actin molecules and form
cross-bridges, and the contraction will generate the maximum
tension possible (length-tension relationship).
Short sarcomere lengths contract most forcefully.
Long sarcomere lengths contract least forcefully.

Physiological contractions are unfused tetanus
A single action potential in a muscle fiber results in a weak,
transient muscle contraction called a twitch.
If an action potential occurs before the twitch is finished, the
force of the two twitches is summed together.
Subsequent action potentials result in progressively greater
force until incomplete tetanus is reached.
We do not perceive the partial relaxations because muscle
fibers in different motor units alternate contracting and
relaxing.

Determinants of force

Contractile power depends on number of motor units involved
As skeletal muscle contracts, first only a few motor units are
stimulated, and they are recruited in specific order.
Slow-twitch fibers are recruited first.
Fast-twitch fibers are recruited if more force is necessary.
Even at peak force, not all motor units are active at the
same time; they rotate in and out of service.
Muscle fibers of various units are intermingled, so that
motor units throughout the muscle are recruited
regardless of the strength of the contraction.

Muscle fiber contraction may or may not produce movement
Isotonic contractions are the contractions of everyday
movement.
Two types
Concentric contractions shorten the muscle by bring
the muscle attachment closer to the origin
Eccentric contractions generate a restraining force as
the muscle lengthens more powerful that concentric
contractions

Isometric contractions do not alter the length of the muscle.
These contractions maintain our body posture.
Muscle tone is a state of subconscious isometric contraction
that occurs even in voluntarily relaxed muscle.
If the nerve supply to the muscle is interrrupted, the
muscle loses its tone and becomes flaccid.
Complete loss of muscle tone is called flaccid paralysis.
Spastic paralysis is due to damage to the brain, which
impairs control of muscles.

Isometric and concentric contractions

Exercise has a positive effect on muscles
Use it or lose it.
Muscle power is improved by strength training
Muscle endurance is improved by aerobic exercise that relies
on mitochondrial ATP generation.
The Mechanics of Muscle Contraction (Review)

What is the difference between incomplete and complete tetanus,
and which occurs more frequently?
The Mechanics of Muscle Contraction (Review)

Answer: The muscle fiber relaxes slightly between contractions in
incomplete tetanus but not in complete tetanus. Incomplete
tetanus is more common.
Smooth Muscle
Introduction
Occur in all in the walls of all but the smallest blood vessels
and in the walls of hollow organs.
Takes about 25 times as long to contract as skeletal muscle
and consumes 1% as much energy.
Actin myosin cross-bridges may latch semipermanently in a
latch state.
Slow, sustaining contractions
Smooth Muscle (contd)

Smooth muscle differs structurally from skeletal muscle
Smooth muscle cells are formed upon a three-dimensional
criss-cross structure of noncontractile intermediate
filaments.
Filaments are interconnected by dense bodies
Dense bodies are the functional equivalent of Z-discs
in skeletal muscle.
Myofilaments are not arranged in perfectly ordered ranks,
so the muscle does not appear to be striated.
Myofilaments inside smooth muscle cells are longer.

Myofilaments of smooth muscle (contd)
Myosin filaments have protruding heads along their entire
length, so there is no headless zone.
The arrangement of smooth muscle cells contributes to its
stretchiness.

Structure of smooth muscle

In smooth muscle, calcium acts on myosin, not actin
Smooth muscle differs in both the source and the role of Ca2+
ions:
Source: Smooth muscles have very little SR. In smooth
muscle, Ca2+ comes though the cell membrane from
extracellular fluid.
Role: Smooth muscle cells contain no troponin, so myosin
binding sites are always exposed. Calcium in smooth
muscle regulates the activity of the myosin heads on thick
filaments.
Myosin cleaves ATP and moves through the crossbridge cycle only when Ca2+ is present.

Smooth muscle regulation

Events of smooth muscle contraction
There is considerable variation, but this is a typical sequence
of events:
1. A chemical signal activates calcium channels in the cell
membrane or SR.
2. Calcium enters the cytoplasm from the extracellular fluid.
3. The intracellular Ca2+ concentration increases.
4. Through intervening enzymatic steps, calcium activates
myosin heads.
5. Activated myosin heads form cross-bridges with actin
monecules, the filaments slide, causing muscle
contraction.

Smooth muscle contraction is involuntary
Smooth muscle movement is not subject to conscious control.
Some smooth muscle is innervated by the autonomic nervous
system.
Other smooth muscles are simulated contract by hormones,
or by local chemical signals such as prostaglandins, hydrogen
ions, and gases.
Smooth muscle is also stimulated by mechanical signals,
such as stretching.
The cells in some smooth muscles have unstable membrane
potentials, which generate self-stimulating action potentials
called pacemaker activity.

Smooth muscle contracts as a single unit
Groups of smooth muscle contract in unison because the
cells are connected by gap junctions.
Contraction strength in smooth muscle cannot be varied by
changing the number of contracting cells.
The amount of tension generated by individual smooth
muscle cells varies according to the amount of calcium
allowed into the cell from extracellular fluid.
Smooth Muscle (Review)

True or false: The calcium causing smooth muscle contraction
comes from the extracellular fluid, but the calcium causing
skeletal muscle contraction usually comes from the SR.
Smooth Muscle (Review)

Answer: true
Skeletal Muscle Actions

Most muscles cross a joint and act to move one bone in relation
to another
The end of the muscle that serves as an anchor for the
movement is known as the origin.
The end that moves the body part is the insertion.
The contraction of a muscle pulls (never pushes) the insertion
toward its origin.
Skeletal Muscle Actions (contd)

Origin and Insertion
Skeletal Muscle Actions (contd)

In producing movement, the actions of different muscles often
complement or oppose each other.
Types of movements
Prime mover the main muscle responsible for a particular
movement.
Antagonist the muscle that opposes the action of the prime
mover
Synergist a muscle that assists the action of the prime
mover
Fixators synergists that prevent the movement of a
nearby joint
Skeletal Muscle Actions (Review)

When a muscle contracts, which part moves more the origin or
the insertion?
Skeletal Muscle Actions (Review)

Answer: insertion
The Major Skeletal Muscles

The human body contains hundreds of muscles.
Use the illustrations and tables (in the text) to learn the location
and shape of major skeletal muscles.
You can make the task of learning muscle anatomy easier:
Learn the word parts used to name muscles.
Perform the actions of muscles as you read about them.
The Major Skeletal Muscles (contd)

Superficial muscles (anterior view)

Superficial muscles (posterior view)

Muscles of facial expression

Muscles controlling the jaw and moving the head

Muscles of the thorax: muscles that move the vertebral column,
abdominal muscles, and respiratory muscles

Muscles of the perineum

Muscles that move and stabilize the pectoral girdle

Muscles that move the arm (humerus) at the shoulder joint

Muscles that move the forearm, hand, and fingers

Muscles that move the thigh and leg

Muscles that move the foot and toes
The Major Skeletal Muscles (Review)

Which muscle strongly flexes the spinal column?
The Major Skeletal Muscles (Review)

Answer: rectus abdominus

Chapter 7 Muscles Power Point

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Chapter 7:

Copyright 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

McConnell and Hull: Human Form and Human Function

Copyright 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

McConnell and Hull: Human Form and Human Function

Chapter Objectives (contd)

Copyright 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

McConnell and Hull: Human Form and Human Function

Chapter Objectives (contd)

Copyright 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

McConnell and Hull: Human Form and Human Function

Chapter Objectives (contd)

McConnell and Hull: Human Form and Human Function

Chapter Objectives (contd)

Copyright 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

McConnell and Hull: Human Form and Human Function

Copyright 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Back to chapter objectives

McConnell and Hull: Human Form and Human Function

Overview of Muscle (contd)

Copyright 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Back to chapter objectives

McConnell and Hull: Human Form and Human Function

Overview of Muscle (contd)

Copyright 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Back to chapter objectives

McConnell and Hull: Human Form and Human Function

Overview of Muscle (contd)

Copyright 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Back to chapter objectives

McConnell and Hull: Human Form and Human Function

Overview of Muscle (contd)

Copyright 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Back to chapter objectives

McConnell and Hull: Human Form and Human Function

Overview of Muscle (contd)

Copyright 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Back to chapter objectives

McConnell and Hull: Human Form and Human Function

Overview of Muscle (contd)

Copyright 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Back to chapter objectives

McConnell and Hull: Human Form and Human Function

Overview of Muscle (contd)

Copyright 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Back to chapter objectives

McConnell and Hull: Human Form and Human Function

Overview of Muscle (Review)

Copyright 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Back to chapter objectives

McConnell and Hull: Human Form and Human Function

Overview of Muscle (Review)

Copyright 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Back to chapter objectives

McConnell and Hull: Human Form and Human Function

Structure of Skeletal Muscle Tissue

Copyright 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Back to chapter objectives

McConnell and Hull: Human Form and Human Function

Structure of Skeletal Muscle Tissue (contd)

Copyright 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Back to chapter objectives

McConnell and Hull: Human Form and Human Function

Structure of Skeletal Muscle Tissue (contd)