Minggu 2 & 3 Sistem Rangka 1

The Skeletal System
Skeleton comes from Greek for dried up

body
The skeleton is the framework upon which our entire bodies
are built.
Our bones are light yet strong, and are perfectly suited
to provide protection and movement.
NORHIZAN ZAINOL i3p, S

keleton
The Skeletal System

The skeleton is divided into two divisions, the
axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton.
The axial skeleton are the bones that form the longitudinal
axis of the body
The appendicular skeleton is composed of the bones of
the limbs and the girdles.

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The Functions of Bones

Our bones give us shape and form, and
contribute to homeostasis in several important
ways.
1.) Support: Bones are the girders of our body
They also serve to protect soft organs, and provide

attachment points for muscles

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2.) Protection : Bones protect soft tissues such
as the brain, spinal cord, and the organs in the
thoracic cavity.
3.) Movement : The skeletal muscles attach to the bones
with tendons.
The bones act as levers to move the body and its
parts.

keleton

4.) Storage : The internal cavities of bones are
used to store fat.
The bones themselves are repositories for minerals such
as calcium and phosphorous. The turnover of these
minerals is controlled by hormones.
5.) Blood Cell Formation: Hematopoiesis occurs within
the marrow cavities of certain bones

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Classification Of Bones
Adult skeletons have 206 bones
Bones are made of two basic types of osseous tissue :
Compact Bone
Spongy Bone

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Bones of the Human Body

The adult skeleton has 206 bones
Two basic types of bone tissue
Compact bone
Homogeneous
Spongy bone
Small needle-like
pieces of bone
Many open spaces

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7
Figure 5.2b
Compact bone is smooth, dense and appears
homogeneous.
Spongy bone is made of needle-like pieces of bone with
plenty of open space
Bones can also be classified by shape as well

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Bones of the Human Body

The adult skeleton has 206 bones
Two basic types of bone tissue
Compact bone
Homogeneous
Spongy bone
Small needle-like
pieces of bone
Many open spaces

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9
Figure 5.2b
Classification of Bones on the

Basis of Shape

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Figure10
5.1
Long bones
Short bones
Flat Bones
Irregular bones

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11
Long Bones :
Are longer than they are wide,
Have a shaft, with enlarged heads at both ends,
And are made mostly of compact bone

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12
Structures of a Long Bone

Periosteum
Outside covering of the
diaphysis
Fibrous connective
tissue membrane
Sharpeys fibers
Secure periosteum to
underlying bone
Arteries
Supply bone cells with
nutrients
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Figure13
5.2c
All the bones of the limbs are long bones:
Arm:
Humerus, the upper bone of the arm, articulates
proximally at the shoulder, and distally at the elbow with
the proximal end of the ulna.
The Radius is the lateral bone of the lower arm
The Ulna is the medial bone of the lower arm

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14
Leg:
Femur, largest, strongest bone of the body. Articulates
proximally with the acetabulum of the hip, and distally with the
tibia to form the knee joint.
Tibia, larger of the two bones of the lower leg,
commonly called the shin bone; proximal end
atriculates with the distal end of the femur to form the
knee joint. The distal end articulates with the tarsals to
help form the ankle.
Fibula is the smaller of the bones of the lower leg; the
proximal end does not help form the knee, but the distal
end does help form the ankle.
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15
Short Bones:
Are generally cube shaped, and contain mostly spongy
bone.
The patella, or kneecap, and the bones of the
wrist(carpals) and bones of the ankle(tarsals) are
examples of short bones.
The patella is a sesamoid bone, which forms inside a tendon.

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16
Flat Bones:
Are thin, flat and usually curved.
Are composed as a sandwitch of spongy bone
between layers of compact bone.
Examples include most bones of the skull, the ribs, and
the sternum.

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17
Irregular Bones:
All bones that do not fit into any previous group are
irregular bones.
The vertebrae and the bones of the hip are examples.

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18
Structure of a Long Bone

Figure 5.2 page 133
The structure of a long bone has specific regions with
specific names.
Diaphysis
Periosteum
Epiphyseal
Plate
Epiphysis
Articular
cartilage
Epiphyseal
line
Medullary
Cavity
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19
Gross Anatomy of a Long

Bone
Diaphysis
Shaft
Composed of compact
bone
Epiphysis
Ends of the bone
Composed mostly of
spongy bone
Covered by hyaline
cartilage(articular)
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Figure20
5.2a
Structures of a Long Bone

Articular cartilage
Covers the external
surface of the
epiphyses
Made of hyaline
cartilage
Decreases friction at
joint surfaces

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Figure21
5.2a

Bone
Periosteum
Connective tissue
membrane that covers the
diaphysis
Epiphyseal Line
--In the formed bones of
adults, a thin line of bony
tissue that marks the spot
where the diaphysis and
epiphyses meet
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Figure22
5.2a

Bone
Medullary Cavity
The hollow space found in
the shaft of a long bone.
In adults it is filled with fat.
In infants it is filled with red
marrow, used for blood cell
formation
In adults red marrow is
found in spongy bone of
flat bones, and epiphyses
of some long bones
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Figure23
5.2a
Bone Markings and Landmarks

Bones are not smooth and featureless
Muscles, tendons, ligaments, nerves and blood vessels
must attach to or pass through bones to reach body tissues.
There are two categories for bone markings:
Projections or processes which grow out from the bones.
Depressions or cavities which are indentations in the bone.

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24
Bone Markings and Landmarks

A device for remembering bone markings:
All terms beginning with T are projections.
All terms beginning with F (except for facet), are
depressions
See table 5.1 on page 134

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25
Microscopic Anatomy of Bones

Microscopic examination of compact bone
reveals complex structural elements
Mature bone cells are called osteocytes
Osteo = Bone
Osteocytes are found in tiny spaces within compact bone

known as lacunae (little lake)

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26

Lacunae are arranged in concentric circle
called lamellae
The lamellae are arranged around central canals called
Haversian canals
Each unit consisting of a central canal and the matrix
rings is called an Osteon, or Haversian system

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27
Microscopic Anatomy of Bone

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Figure28
5.3

Central Canals run length-wise in the bone
carrying nerves and blood vessels to all areas
of the bone
Tiny canals called canaliculi radiate outward from the
central canals to all lacunae
Perforating canals called Volkmanns canals run into
the bone at right angles to the shaft.

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29

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Figure30
5.3

This elaborate network of blood vessels and
canals keep the bone cells very well supplied
with nutrients despite being very hard.
Bones usually heal quickly and well.
It is the inorganic salts that provide the hardness of the
bones, while the organic components provide the
flexibility.

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31
Bone Formation and Growth

The process of bone formation is called
ossification.
Ossification involves 2 major phases
First : In utero The hyaline cartilage model is
completely covered by bone matrix, formed by
osteoblasts

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32

Canaliculi
Tiny canals
Radiate from the
central canal to
lacunae
Form a transport
system

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33 5.3
Detail of Figure
Changes in the Human

Skeleton
In embryos, the skeleton is primarily
hyaline cartilage
During development, much of this cartilage
is replaced by bone
Cartilage remains in isolated areas
Bridge of the nose
Parts of ribs
Joints
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34

For a short time, the fetus has cartilage bones
enclosed by bony bones
Second : The enclosed cartilage is digested away, thus
opening the medullary cavity within the new bone
At birth, or soon after, most of the cartilage model has
been converted into bone, except for 2 regions:

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35
Changes in the Human

Skeleton
In embryos, the skeleton is primarily
hyaline cartilage
During development, much of this cartilage
is replaced by bone
Cartilage remains in isolated areas
Bridge of the nose
Parts of ribs
Joints
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36
Long Bone Formation and

Growth

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Figure37
5.4a

Articular cartilage
Epiphyseal plates
Articular cartilage persists for life ( hopefully)
Epiphyseal plates allow for longitudinal bone growth

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38

Growth

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Figure39
5.4a
Bone Growth
Epiphyseal plates allow for growth of long
bone during childhood
New cartilage is continuously formed
Older cartilage becomes ossified
Cartilage is broken down
Bone replaces cartilage

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40

Growth

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Figure41
5.4b
Bone Growth
Bones are remodeled and lengthened until
growth stops
Bones change shape somewhat
Bones grow in width

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42
Bone Growth
Osteoblasts in the periosteum add new bone tissue
to the external surface of the bone.
Appositional growth is the process by which a
bone widens
Long bone growth is under hormonal control;
growth hormone and sex hormones
Bones are dynamic structures, and are remodeled
constantly in response to:

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43
Bone Growth
Ca+ in the blood
Stress due to gravity
Force applied by skeletal muscles
When Ca+ levels drop the parathyroid gland
releases parathyroid hormone (PTH) which
stimulates osteoclast activity.
This releases Ca+ into the blood

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44
Bone Remodeling
If Ca+ levels in the blood are too high, a condition
known as hypercalcemia, then Ca+ is deposited on
the bones.
Bone Remodeling
Bones maintain normal proportions during long
bone growth
Increased demands on the skeleton cause it
change in response

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45
Bone Remodeling
Activity helps build strong bones
Inactivity causes bones to lose mass due to Ca
loss, (atrophy)
PTH determines when and if bones are broken
down.
Physical stress determines where bone is built

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46
Fractures and Bone Repair

Activity helps build strong bones
Inactivity causes bones to lose mass due to Ca
loss, (atrophy)
PTH determines when and if bones are broken
down.
Physical stress determines where bone is built

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47
Bone Fractures
A break in a bone
Types of bone fractures
Closed (simple) fracture break that does not
penetrate the skin
Open (compound) fracture broken bone
penetrates through the skin
Bone fractures are treated by reduction

and immobilization
Realignment of the bone
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48
Common Types of Fractures

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Table 49
5.2
Repair of Bone Fractures

Hematoma (blood-filled swelling) is formed
Break is splinted by fibrocartilage to form a
callus
Fibrocartilage callus is replaced by a bony
callus
Bony callus is remodeled to form a
permanent patch
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50
Stages in the Healing of a

Bone Fracture

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Figure51
5.5
Bone Fractures
A break in a bone
Types of bone fractures
Closed (simple) fracture break that does not
penetrate the skin
Open (compound) fracture broken bone
penetrates through the skin
Bone fractures are treated by reduction

and immobilization
Realignment of the bone
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52
Common Types of Fractures

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Table 53
5.2
Repair of Bone Fractures

Hematoma (blood-filled swelling) is formed
Break is splinted by fibrocartilage to form a
callus
Fibrocartilage callus is replaced by a bony
callus
Bony callus is remodeled to form a
permanent patch
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54
The Axial Skeleton

Forms the longitudinal part of the body
Divided into three parts
Skull
Vertebral column
Bony thorax

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55
The Axial Skeleton

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Figure56
5.6
The Skull
Two sets of bones
Cranium
Facial bones
Bones are joined by sutures

Only the mandible is attached by a freely
movable joint

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57
The Skull

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Figure58
5.7
Bones of the Skull

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Figure59
5.11
Human Skull, Superior View

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Figure60
5.8
Human Skull, Inferior View

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Figure61
5.9
Bones of the skull

The cranium is composed of 8 bones, except for 2
paired bones, they are all single bones.
Frontal Bone : the forehead, also forms the the
projections under the eyebrows and the superior
part of each eye orbit
Parietal Bones : paired bones that form the
superior and lateral walls of the skull
They meet at the sagittal suture and form the
coronal suture where they meet the frontal
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62
The Skull

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Figure63
5.7
Bones of the skull

The temporal bones are inferior to the parietal
bones, and join with them at the squamous suture
There are several important bone markings on the
temporal bone.
External auditory meatus: ear canal
Styloid process : allows for muscle attachment
Zygomatic process : the thin bridge of bone that joins
anteriorly with the zygomatic bone

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64
Bones of the skull

Mastoid process provides an attachment site for
some neck muscles. Also contains the mastoid
sinuses.
Jugular foramen : allows for the passage of the
jugular vein .
Carotid canal : anterior to the jugular foramen,
allows for passage of the carotid artery.

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65
Human Skull, Inferior View

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Figure66
5.9
Bones of the skull

Occipital Bone forms the inferior posterior portion
of the skull.
The occipital bone contains the magnum foramen,
which is the large opening that allows for passage
of the spinal cord from the base of the brain down
the vertebral column .
The occipital bone joins with the temporal and
parietal bones

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67
Bones of the skull

The occipital bone features the occipital condyles,
which articulate with the first cervical vertebrae,
called the atlas.
The sphenoid bone is the wing shaped bone which
spans the skull, most of which is visible on the
interior of the skull .

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68
Bones of the Face

14 bones compose the face
12 Bones are paired, and only the mandible and the
vomer are single bones.
Maxillae ( maxillary bones) fuse to form the upper
jaw. All of the facial bones join the maxillae, except
the mandible

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69
Bones of the Face

The palatine processes form the anterior hard
palate
The maxillae also contain the para-nasal sinuses
Palatine Bones paired bones that lie posterior to
the hard palate
Failure of these bones to fuse results in a cleft
palate

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70
Paranasal Sinuses
Hollow portions of bones surrounding the
nasal cavity

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Figure71
5.10
Bones of the Face

The Zygomatic bones : commonly called the
cheekbones, they also form a large portion of the
eye sockets
Vomer : single plow-shaped bone that forms the
nasal septum
Inferior conchae : thin curved bones that project
from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity.
Mandible : Lower jaw, the largest strongest bone of
the face

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72
Bones of the Face

Hyoid Bone:
The only bone in the body that does not directly
articulate with another bone.
It is located in the mid neck, above the larynx, and
is anchored to the styloid process by ligaments
Shaped like a horse shoe, it serves as a movable
base for the tongue and as a point of muscular
attachment for muscles in the neck

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73
The Hyoid Bone

The only bone that
does not articulate
with another bone
Serves as a
moveable base for
the tongue

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Figure74
5.12
Fetal Skull
The fetal skull is large when compared to the body
of the fetus.
A newborns skull has regions that have yet to be
converted to bone.
These soft spots are called fontanels ( little
fountains)
The rhythm of the babys pulse can be felt in these
areas.
They are usually converted to bone 22 to 24 months
post partum.
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75
The Fetal Skull

The fetal skull is
large compared to
the infants total body
length

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Figure76
5.13
The Fetal Skull

Fontanelles
fibrous membranes
connecting the
cranial bones
Allow the brain
to grow
Convert to bone
within 24 months
after birth
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Figure77
5.13
Vertebral Column
Is formed by 26 irregular bones
Is a flexible, curved structure extending
from the skull to the pelvis
Protects the delicate spinal cord
Transmits the weight load of the body to
the lower limbs

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78
The Vertebral Column

Vertebrae separated
by intervertebral
discs
The spine has a
normal curvature
Each vertebrae is
given a name
according to its
location
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Figure79
5.14
Vertebral column
There are 33 separate vertebrae at birth
Nine of these fuse to for the composite
bones of the sacrum and the coccyx
From superior to inferior the bones are
designated by location and number
Cervical
7
Thoracic
12
Lumbar
5
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80
Vertebral column
The number of bones in each group can
remembered by the time of day we
typically eat.
7 Cervical
12 Thoracic
5 Lumbar
Individual vertebrae are separated by
flexible fibrocartilage intervertebral disks
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81
Vertebral column
The intervertebral disks absorb shock, and
are highly compressible.
They are 90% water
As we age, the water content decreases
and the disks become less flexible
This helps explain why some elderly
people seem to shrink with age.
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82
Vertebral column
Herniated, or slipped disks can press
against the spinal cord or nerves that exit
the spinal cord..
This can result in extreme pain, and loss
of function
Spinal Curvatures
The spine is curved to help absorb shock.
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83

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84
Vertebral column
The thoracic and sacral curves are called
primary curves because they are present
at birth.
The secondary curves develop later.
The cervical develops when the baby
begins to raise its head, and the lumbar
when the child begins to walk.

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85
Structure of Vertebrae
All vertebrae have a similar structural pattern.
Some common features:
Body or centrum: the weight bearing part of the
vertebra, and it faces anteriorly.
Vertebral arch: formed by the joining of all the
posterior extensions from the body of the
vertebrae.
Vertebral foramen: canal through which the
spinal cord passes.
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86
Structure of Vertebrae
Transverese Process: Two lateral projections
from the vertebral arch
Spinous Process : Single projection arising from
the posterior aspect of the vertebral arch.
Superior and Inferior Articular Processes : paired
projections that allow vertebra to form joints with
adjacent vertebrae
Vertebral arch: formed by the joining of all the
posterior extensions from the body of the
vertebrae.
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87
Structure of Cervical Vertebrae

Cervical vertebrae ( C1 to C7 )form the
neck region of the spine.
C1 and C2 are specialized, they perform
functions not shared by other vcervical
vertebrae
The Atlas ( C1)
Has no body
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88
Regional Characteristics of
Vertebrae

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89
Figure 5.17ab

Transverse processes have depressions
that receive the occipital condyles.
The Axis ( C2 ) Acts as a pivot for the atlas
and the skull
C3 through C7 are the smallest and
lightest vertebrae
Their spinous processes are short and
divide into two branches.
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90
Vertebrae

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91
Figure 5.17ab

The transverse processes contain
foramina for the arteries to pass through
on their way to the brain.
They are the only group of vertebrae with
this feature.

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92
Vertebrae

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93
Figure 5.17ab
Structure of Thoracic Vertebrae

Thoracic vertebrae ( T1 T 12 ).
Larger than cervical vertebrae
Have two costal demifacets on each side
to receive the head of the ribs
Have long spinous processes that angle
sharply downward.
When viewed from the side resemble the
head of giraffe
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94
Vertebrae

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95
Figure 5.17cd
Structure of Lumbar Vertebrae

Lumbar vertebrae ( L1 L 5 ).
Are the strongest and stursiest of all
vertebrae.
Have large block- like bodies
Spinous processes are short, and hatchet
shaped.
When viewed from the side resemble the
head of a moose.
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96
Vertebrae

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97
Figure 5.17cd
The Sacrum
Formed by 5 fused vertebrae
Superior aspect articulates with the inferior
aspect of L5
Laterally the wing-like alae articulate with
the hip bones to form the sacroiliac joints
It forms the posterior wall of the pelvis
The vertebral canal continues inside the
sacrum as the sacral canal
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98
The Sacrum

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99
The Coccyx
Formed by the fusion of 3 to 5 tiny
irregular vertebrae
It is the vestigial tail in humans
The Thorax
The sternum, ribs and thoracic vertebrae
make up the thorax, or thoracic cage
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100
The Thorax
The Thoracic cage surrounds and protects
the heart, lungs and major blood vessels.
The Sternum
Is a flat bone composed of the fusion of 3
bones. Superior to inferior they are:
Manubrium
Body ( Gladiolus)
Xiphoid process
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101
The Thorax

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102
The Sternum
The sternum articulates with the first 7
pairs of ribs.
The sternum has 3 important landmarks
The jugular notch
The sternal angle
The xiphisternal joint

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103

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104
The Sternum
The jugular notch: the concave upper part of the
manubrium, usually at the level of T3
The sternal angle : site where the manubrium
and the gladiolus meet to form a slight angle.
It is the reference point for locating the second
intecostal space for listening to the heart valves
Xiphisternal joint : Where the sternal body and
the xiphoid process meet. Used as a landmark
to locate the level of T9
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105
The Ribs
12 Pairs of ribs form the thoracic cage
Men and women have the SAME number
of ribs
All ribs articulate with the vertebral column
posteriorly
The first 7 pairs are known as true ribs
because they attach directly to the
sternum by costal cartilage
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106
The Ribs
The next 5 pairs are false ribs because
they either attach indirectly to the sternum,
or not at all
The last 2 pairs of false ribs lack sternal
attachment, and are called floating ribs

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107
Appendicular skeleton
Composed of 126 bones
Shoulder girdle
Also known as the pectoral or shoulder
girdle, consists of 2 bones
Clavicle
Scapula

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108
Clavicle
Also called the collar bone

Attaches medially to the manubrium
Attaches laterally to the scapula
Serves to hold the arm away from the
thorax, and helps prevent shoulder
dislocation
A broken clavicle causes the shoulder to
collapse medially
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109
Scapulae
Also called the shoulder blades
Flat, triangular in appearance, has 2
important processes
Acromion process: the enlarged end of the
spine of the scapula
Coracoid process : points over the top of
the shoulder and helps anchor the
muscles of the arm
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110

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111
Scapulae
The scapula does not attach directly to the
axial skeleton, but is held in place by
muscles
The scapula has three borders:
Superior
Medial
Lateral
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112

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113
Scapulae
The scapula has three angles:

Superior
Inferior
Lateral

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114

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115
Scapulae
The glenoid cavity is the shallow socket
that receives the head of the humerous
The shoulder girdle is exceptionally free to
move
However the price of this range of motion
is that it is easily dislocated

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116

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117
Bones of the upper limbs

There are 30 bones in each upper limb
The arm is formed by the single long
bone, the humerus
The proximal end has a rounded head that
fits into the glenoid cavity

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118

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119

The greater and lesser tubercles opposite
the head are sites for muscular
attachment
The deltoid tuberosity is a roughened are
at the midpoint of the shaft where the
deltoid muscle attaches
The radial grove allows for the passage of
the radial nerve.
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120

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121

The distal end of the humerus has a spool
shaped trochlea on the medial side, and
the ball like capitulum on the lateral side
On the anterior surface the coronoid fossa
is a depression above the trochlea
On the posterior surface you will find the
olecranon fossa
These 2 depressions allow for free
movement of the elbow
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122

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123
The Forearm
The radius and ulna form the forearm
In anatomical position the radius is the
lateral bone
The radius and ulna articulate with each
other proximally and distally at small radioulnar joints
The bones are also connected by a long
interosseous membrane
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124
Bones of the Upper Limb

The forearm has two
bones
Ulna
Radius

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125
Figure
5.21c
The Forearm
The head of the radius forms a joint with
the capitulum
The radial tuberosity is the location for the
attachment of the biceps tendon
The ulna is the medial bone
The coronoid fossa can be found on the
proximal anterior surface of the bone
The olecranon process can be found on
the proximal posterior surface
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126
Bones of the Upper Limb

The forearm has two
bones
Ulna
Radius

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127
Figure
5.21c
The Forearm
The coronoid and olecranon processes
grip the trochlea like pliers to form the
elbow.

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128
The Hand
The hand consists of the carpals,
metacarpals and phalanges.
The carpals are 2 rows of 4 irregular
bones, and form the wrist
Hamate Pisiform Triquetral
Lunate
TrapezoidTrapezium Scaphoid
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Capitate
129
The Hand
The hand
Carpals wrist
Metacarpals
palm
Phalanges
fingers

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130
Figure
5.22
The Hand
The carpals are bound together by ligaments
that restrict movement between them
The palm consists of metacarpals numbered 1
to 5, starting on the thumb side.
Each hand has 14 phalanges, and all of the
fingers are composed of three phalanges,
except for the thumb, which has 2.

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131
Bones of the Pelvic Girdle

Hip bones
Composed of three pair of fused bones
Ilium
Ischium
Pubic bone
The total weight of the upper body rests on the pelvis

Protects several organs
Reproductive organs
Urinary bladder
Part of the large intestine

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132
The Pelvis

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133
Figure
5.23a
The Pelvic Girdle

The pelvic bone is formed by 2 coxal
bones
Each of these bones is formed by the
fusion of 3 bones.
Ilium
Ischium
Pubis
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134
The Pelvis: Right Coxal Bone

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135
Figure
5.23b
The Pelvic Girdle

The pelvis is constructed of fairly large
and heavy bones
The hips are responsible for bearing the
entire weight of the torso
They also bear the stress associated with
locomotion
Reproductive organs, urinary bladder, and
part of the large intestine are protected by
the pelvis
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136
Gender Differences of the

Pelvis

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137
Figure
5.23c
The Thigh
The femur is the only bone in the thigh
It is the largest, strongest bone of the body
The proximal end of the femur has a balllike head, and an obvious neck
The femur slants medially to bring the
knees in line with the bodys center of
gravity
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138
Bones of the Lower Limbs

The thigh has
one bone
Femur thigh
bone

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139
Figure
5.24ab
Distally, the lateral and medial condyles

articulate with the tibia
The LEG
The larger and more medial bone in the
lower leg is the tibia(shinbone)
Proximally, it articulates with the distal
femur to form the knee joint
Distally the medial malleolus forms the
inner bulge of the ankle
keleton
140

The leg has two
bones
Tibia
Fibula

keleton
141
Figure
5.24c
The fibula
The smaller, lateral bone of the lower leg
The fibula does not form the knee joint
The distal end of the fibula forms the outer
part of the ankle with its lateral malleolus
The tibia and fibula are connected by an
interosseous membrane, just like the
radius and ulna are.
keleton
142

The leg has two
bones
Tibia
Fibula

keleton
143
Figure
5.24c

The thigh has
one bone
Femur thigh
bone

keleton
144
Figure
5.24ab

The leg has two
bones
Tibia
Fibula

keleton
145
Figure
5.24c
Bones of the ankle and foot

The foot
Tarsus ankle
Metatarsals sole
Phalanges toes

keleton
146
Figure
5.25

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The Skeletal System

Skeleton comes from Greek for dried up

NORHIZAN ZAINOL i3p, S

The Skeletal System

NORHIZAN ZAINOL i3p, S

The Functions of Bones

They also serve to protect soft organs, and provide

NORHIZAN ZAINOL i3p, S

The Functions of Bones

NORHIZAN ZAINOL i3p, S

The Functions of Bones

NORHIZAN ZAINOL i3p, S

NORHIZAN ZAINOL i3p, S

Bones of the Human Body

NORHIZAN ZAINOL i3p, S

NORHIZAN ZAINOL i3p, S

Bones of the Human Body

NORHIZAN ZAINOL i3p, S

Classification of Bones on the

NORHIZAN ZAINOL i3p, S

NORHIZAN ZAINOL i3p, S

NORHIZAN ZAINOL i3p, S

Structures of a Long Bone

NORHIZAN ZAINOL i3p, S

NORHIZAN ZAINOL i3p, S

NORHIZAN ZAINOL i3p, S

NORHIZAN ZAINOL i3p, S

Structure of a Long Bone

Gross Anatomy of a Long

Structures of a Long Bone

NORHIZAN ZAINOL i3p, S

Gross Anatomy of a Long

Gross Anatomy of a Long

Bone Markings and Landmarks

NORHIZAN ZAINOL i3p, S

Bone Markings and Landmarks

NORHIZAN ZAINOL i3p, S

Microscopic Anatomy of Bones

Osteocytes are found in tiny spaces within compact bone

NORHIZAN ZAINOL i3p, S

Microscopic Anatomy of Bones

NORHIZAN ZAINOL i3p, S

Microscopic Anatomy of Bone

NORHIZAN ZAINOL i3p, S

Microscopic Anatomy of Bones

NORHIZAN ZAINOL i3p, S

Microscopic Anatomy of Bone

NORHIZAN ZAINOL i3p, S

Microscopic Anatomy of Bones

NORHIZAN ZAINOL i3p, S

Bone Formation and Growth

NORHIZAN ZAINOL i3p, S

Microscopic Anatomy of Bone

NORHIZAN ZAINOL i3p, S

Changes in the Human

Bone Formation and Growth

NORHIZAN ZAINOL i3p, S

Changes in the Human

Long Bone Formation and

NORHIZAN ZAINOL i3p, S

Bone Formation and Growth

NORHIZAN ZAINOL i3p, S

Long Bone Formation and

NORHIZAN ZAINOL i3p, S

Minggu 2 & 3 Sistem Rangka 1

Minggu 2 & 3 Sistem Rangka 1