Agenda

Multicast addressing (L2/L3)

IGMPv2
IGMPv3
IGMP Snooping & Verification
Intro to multicast routing
Source Vs. Core-based Trees
PIM Sparse-Mode
What is multicast State
Mcast state rules/PIM Joins
PIM Registration Process
PIM Switchover
Verifying PIM Operations

Layer 3 Multicasting Addressing

Class D IP address = high order 4 bits are
1110 | Multicast Group
Always
ID

IP multicast group addresses

224.0.0.0 239.255.255.255
Special reserved group addresses :
224.0.0.0 - 224.0.0.255
224.0.0.1
All systems on this subnet
224.0.0.2
All routers on this subnet
224.0.0.13 All PIM routers
.
. : Start your address from 226 to 231 , others are reserved
Note

Layer 2 Multicast Addressing

Note: 01 00 5e the destination mac address

Layer 2 Multicast Addressing

In the world of multicast destination mac address are derived from destination
Address , source mac address is always unicast mac address, so destination m
Address remains the same throughout.

EXAMPLE : Layer 3 to Layer 2 mac address mapping

Decimal IP::
45
Destination MAC in Hex::
30

227
0100
5e
This
bit
flips
to 0
then

129
1000 0001

The destination mac address becomes:

Destination MAC in Hex:: 0100 5e
0000 0001
30
01005e 01 10 30

16
10

10

IP Multicast-to-MAC Addressing

Overlap of Multicast MAC Addresses

IGMPv2

IGMP
How hosts tell routers about group
membership
Routers solicit group membership from
directly connected hosts
RFC 1112 specifies first version of IGMP
RFC 2236 specifies current version of IGMP
IGMP v3 enhancements
Supports on UNIX system, PCs , and MACS

IGMPv2
RFC 2236
Membership Queries
Querier sends IGMP query messages to 224.0.0.1
with ttl = 1
Query interval 60 seconds
dead interval 180-seconds
Membership Reports
IGMP report sent by one host
Suppresses sending by others
Restrict to one report per group per LAN
Unsolicited reports sent by host, when it first joins
the group

IGMPv2
Group-specific query
Router sends group-specific queries to make sure
there are no members present before stopping to
forward data for the group for that subnet .
Maximum Response Timer set to 1-second when
sending Group-specific queries.
Leave Group message
Host sends leave message if it leaves the group and
is the last member (reduces leave latency in
comparison to v1)

v2

er election mechanism
ulti-access networks , an IGMP Querier router is elected base
west IP address.
the Querier router sends Queries.

y-Interval Response Time

ral Queries specify max. response time which inform hosts
maximum time within which a host must respond to General
oves burstiness of the responses.)
ward compatible with IGMPv1

Membership report or
Join
Joining member
sends
report to 224.1.1.2
Immediately upon
Joining (same as
IGMPv1)

Udp always carries multicast data , protocol nos for udp

is 17 , for igmp it is 2

IGMP State in Router1

R1#sh ip igmp groups
IGMP Connected Group Membership
Group Address Interface
Uptime Expires Last Reporter
Group Accounted
226.1.1.1
FastEthernet0/0
00:16:56 00:02:31 1.1.1.10
224.1.1.2
FastEthernet0/0
00:36:23 00:02:38 1.1.1.10

This is all multicast host address : 224.0.0.1

224.1.1.2

Report

#1 Router sends periodic queries

#2 One member per group per subnet report

#3 Other members suppresses those messag

IGMP
Querier

IGMP
Non-Querier

Initially all routers send out a query

Router w/Lowest IP address "elected" querier
Other routers become "Non-Queriers"

IGMPv2 Querier Election

Determining which router is the IGMP Querier
R1#sh ip igmp interface fa0/0
FastEthernet0/0 is up, line protocol is up
Internet address is 1.1.1.1/24
IGMP is enabled on interface
Current IGMP host version is 2
Current IGMP router version is 2
IGMP query interval is 60 seconds
IGMP querier timeout is 120 seconds
IGMP max query response time is 10 seconds
Last member query count is 2
Last member query response interval is 1000 ms
Inbound IGMP access group is not set
IGMP activity: 3 joins, 0 leaves
Multicast routing is enabled on interface
Multicast TTL threshold is 0
Multicast designated router (DR) is 1.1.1.2
IGMP querying router is 1.1.1.1 (this system)
Multicast groups joined by this system (number of users):
224.0.1.40(1)

Leaving a group:
Host leaves group; sends Leave message
224.1.1.1 -> 224.0.0.2
- Router sends group specific query (with query response interval
set to 1-second)
- A remaining member host sends report (wihtin time set by "query
response interval")
- Last host leaves; send leave message
- Router sends Group specific query
- No Report is received
- Group times out after 3-seconds (default)