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10th Edition
Ribosome:
site of protein synthesis
Fimbriae:
hairlike bristles that
allow adhesion to
the surfaces
Inclusion body:
stored nutrients for
later use
Conjugation pilus:
elongated, hollow
appendage used for
DNA transfer to other
bacterial cells
Mesosome:
plasma membrane
that folds into the
cytoplasm and
increases surface area
Plasma membrane:
outer surface that
regulates entrance
and exit of molecules
Nucleus:
Cytoskeleton:
maintains cell
shape and assists
movement of
cell parts:
Nucleoid:
location of the bacterial
chromosome
Plasma membrane:
sheath around cytoplasm
that regulates entrance
and exit of molecules
Endoplasmic
reticulum:
Cell wall:
covering that supports,
shapes, and protects cell
Sylvia S. Mader
Glycocalyx:
gel-like coating outside
cell wall; if compact, called
a capsule; if diffuse, called
a slime layer
Flagellum:
rotating filament present
in some bacteria that
pushes the cell forward
PowerPoint Lecture Slides are prepared by Dr. Isaac Barjis, Biology Instructor
Copyright The McGraw Hill Companies Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display
Outline
Prokaryotic Cells
Eukaryotic Cells
Cell theory
Cell size
Organelles
Cell Theory
Detailed
a.
b.
c.
50
d.
140 m
0.1 nm
1 nm
10 nm
100 nm
protein
amino
acid
chloroplast
10
100
plant and
animal
cells
m 1 mm
1 cm
human egg
atom
ant
1m
10 m
100 m 1 km
rose
mouse
frog egg
virus
most bacteria
0.1 m
ostrich
egg
blue whale
human
electron microscope
light microscope
human eye
Cell Size
Cells
192 cm2
384 cm2
64 cm3
64 cm3
3:1
6:1
Focused
Image
Max
by glass lenses
Resolves
85 m
amoeba, light micrograph
eye
ocular lens
light rays
objective lens
specimen
condenser lens
light source
a. Compound light microscope
Robert Brons/Biological Photo Service
T.E.M.
by magnetic lenses
Similar to TV screen
Max
magnification 1000,000sX
Resolves
10
200 nm
pseudopod segment, transmission electron
micrograph
electron source
electron beam
electromagnetic
condenser lens
specimen
electromagnetic
objective lens
electromagnetic
projector lens
observation screen
or
photographic plate
b. Transmission electron microscope
M. Schliwa/Visuals Unlimited
11
S.E.M.
Emitted
Image
Similar to TV screen
500 m
amoeba, scanning electron micrograph
electron gun
electron beam
electromagnetic
condenser
lenses
scanning coil
final
condenser
lens
secondary
electrons
specimen
electron
detector
TV
viewing
screen
13
Ultra-violet
specimen
Allows
in cell
14
Beam
Allows
85 m
amoeba, light micrograph
eye
ocular lens
light rays
500 m
200 nm
pseudopod segment, transmission electron
micrograph
electron source
electron beam
electromagnetic
condenser lens
electron gun
electron beam
electromagnetic
condenserl
enses
specimen
objective lens
electromagnetic
objective lens
scanning coil
specimen
condenser lens
electromagnetic
projector lens
light source
a. Compound light microscope
observation screen
or
photographic plate
b. Transmission electron microscope
final
Condenser
lens
secondary
electrons
specimen
electron
detector
TV
Viewing
screen
16
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
30 m
Bright-field. Light
passing through the
specimen is brought
directly into focus. Usually,
the low level of contrast
within the specimen
interferes with viewing all
but its largest components.
30 m
25 m
25 m
25 m
Bright-field (stained).
Dyes are used to stain
the specimen. Certain
components take up
the dye more than other
components, and therefore
contrast is enhanced.
Differential interference
contrast. Optical methods
are used to enhance
density differences within
the specimen so that
certain regions appear
brighter than others. This
technique is used to view
living cells, chromosomes,
and organelle masses.
(Bright field): Ed Reschke; (Bright field stained): Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers, Inc.;
(Differential, Phase contrast, Dark field): David M. Phillips/Visuals Unlimited
17
Prokaryotic Cells
Lack
a membrane-bound nucleus
Structurally
Prokaryotic
domains:
Bacteria
Archaea
Spherical coccus,
Rod-shaped bacillus,
Spiral spirillum (if rigid) or spirochete (if flexible).
spirillum
spirochete
bacillus
coccus
20
protein
molecules
phospholipid
bilayer
21
Ribosome:
site of protein synthesis
Inclusion body:
stored nutrients
for
later use
Mesosome:
plasma membrane
that folds into the
cytoplasm and
increases surface area
Fimbriae:
hairlike bristles that
allow adhesion to
the surfaces
Conjugation pilus:
elongated, hollow
appendage used for
DNA transfer to other
bacterial cells
Nucleoid:
location of the bacterial
chromosome
Plasma membrane:
sheath around cytoplasm
that regulates entrance
and exit of molecules
Cell wall:
covering that supports,
shapes, and protects cell
Glycocalyx:
gel-like coating outside
cell wall; if compact, called
a capsule; if diffuse, called
a slime layer
Flagellum:
rotating filament present
in some bacteria that
pushes the cell forward
Escherichia coli
22
Cytoplasm
Semifluid solution
Appendages
23
Eukaryotic Cells
Protists
Fungi
Plants
Animals
Cells contain:
Specialized organelles
Plasma membrane
Original
prokaryotic cell
DNA
Animal cell
has mitochondria,
but not chloroplasts.
photosynthetic
bacterium
chloroplast
Plant cell
has both mitochondria
and chloroplasts.
25
Two
classes of organelles:
Endomembrane system:
26
Plasma Membrane
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
protein
molecules
phospholipid
bilayer
27
Differential
Allows
Separated
Works
centrifugation:
out by size & density
The
Grind cells
speed of 600 g
for 10 min
Centrifuge cells at
different speeds
speed of 15,000 g
for 5 min
nuclei
in sediment
speed of 100,000 g
for 60 min
soluble portion
of cytoplasm
29
Plasma membrane:
outer surface that
regulates entrance and
exit of molecules
protein
phospholipid
Cytoskeleton: maintains
cell shape and assists movement
of cell parts:
Microtubules: protein
cylinders that move
organelles
Intermediate filaments:
protein fibers that provide
stability of shape
Centrioles*: short
cylinders of microtubules
of unknown function
Centrosome: microtubule
organizing center that
contains a pair of centrioles
Ribosomes:
particles that carry
out protein synthesis
Polyribosome: string of
ribosomes simultaneously
synthesizing same protein
Mitochondrion: organelle
that carries out cellular respiration,
producing ATP molecules
Golgi apparatus: processes, packages,
and secretes modified proteins
30
Middle lamella:
cements together the
primary cell walls of
adjacent plant cells
Chloroplast*: carries
out photosynthesis,
producing sugars
Centrosome:
microtubule organizing
center (lacks centrioles)
Endoplasmic
reticulum: protein
and lipid metabolism
Granum*: a stack
of chlorophyll-containing
thylakoids
in a chloroplast
Mitochondrion: organelle
that carries out cellular
respiration, producing
ATP molecules
31
Nucleus
Command
Contains
Dark
nuclear
envelope
nucleolus
Nuclear envelope:
inner membrane
outer membrane
nuclear pore
nuclear
pore
chromatin
nucleoplasm
phospholipid
(Bottom): Courtesy Ron Milligan/Scripps Research Institute; (Top right): Courtesy E.G. Pollock
33
Ribosomes
Are
Composed
of rRNA
May
be located:
protein
4. An enzyme removes
the signal peptide.
5. Ribosomal subunits and
mRNA break away. The
protein remains in the ER
and folds into its final shape.
Lumen of ER
enzyme
receptor
mRNA
SRP
signal recognition
particle (SRP)
2. Signal recognition
particle (SRP) binds
to signal peptide.
signal peptide
ribosomal
subunits
nuclear pore
ribosome
mRNA
mRNA
1. mRNA is leaving the
nucleus and is attached
to the ribosome; protein
synthesis is occurring.
DNA
Nucleus
35
Endomembrane System
Series
Restrict
Consists
of:
Nuclear envelope
Golgi apparatus
Vesicles
Several types
Endomembrane System:
The Endoplasmic Reticulum
Synthesizes proteins
Modifies and processes proteins
Smooth ER
No ribosomes
Synthesis of lipids
Site of various synthetic processes, detoxification, and storage
Forms transport vesicles
37
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
ribosomes
nuclear envelope
rough
endoplasmic
reticulum
smooth
endoplasmic
reticulum
0.08 m
R. Bolender & D. Fawcett/Visuals Unlimited
38
Endomembrane System:
The Golgi Apparatus
Golgi
Apparatus
Consists
Resembles
Modifies
Receives
Packages
them in vesicles
Prepares
Within cell
Golgi Apparatus
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
secretion
transport
vesicle
saccules
transport
vesicle
trans face
cis face
Golgi apparatus
Nucleus
0.1 m
Courtesy Charles Flickinger, from Journal of Cell Biology 49: 221-226, 1971, Fig. 1 page 224
40
Some
genetic diseases
Lysosomes
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
lysosome
mitochondrion
peroxisome fragment
42
Animation
43
incoming vesicle
brings substances into the
cell that are digested when
the vesicle fuses with a
lysosome
secretory vesicle
fuses with the plasma
membrane as secretion
occurs
enzyme
Golgi apparatus
modifies lipids and proteins
from the ER; sorts them
and packages them in
vesicles
lysosome
contains digestive enzymes
that break down worn-out
cell parts or substances
entering the cell at the
plasma membrane
protein
transport vesicle
shuttles proteins to
various locations such as
the Golgi apparatus
transport vesicle
shuttles lipids to various
locations such as the
Golgi apparatus
lipid
rough endoplasmic
reticulum
synthesizes proteins and
packages them in vesicles;
vesicles commonly go to
the Golgi apparatus
smooth endoplasmic
reticulum
synthesizes lipids and
also performs various
other functions
ribosome
Nucleus
45
Peroxisomes
Similar
to lysosomes
Membrane-bounded vesicles
Enclose enzymes
However
Toxic
Peroxisomes
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
100 nm
S.E. Frederick & E.H. Newcomb/Biological Photo Service
47
Vacuoles
Membranous
Plants
48
Vacuoles
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
100 nm
Newcomb/Wergin/Biological Photo Service
49
Energy-Related Organelles:
Chloroplast Structure
Bounded
Inner
by double membrane
membrane infolded
Green
due to chlorophyll
Photosynthesis
51
52
Chloroplast Structure
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
500 nm
a.
double
membrane
outer
membrane
inner
membrane
grana
thylakoid
space stroma
thylakoid membrane
b.
a: Courtesy Herbert W. Israel, Cornell University
53
Mitochondrial Structure
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
200 nm
a.
double
membrane
outer
membrane
inner
membrane
cristae
matrix
b.
a: Courtesy Dr. Keith Porter
55
The Cytoskeleton
Maintains
Assists
Three
cell shape
Actin Filaments
Intermediate Filaments
Microtubules
Assemble
necklace
Dense web just under plasma membrane
maintains cell shape
Support for microvilli in intestinal cells
Intracellular traffic control
For moving stuff around within cell
Cytoplasmic streaming
is myosin)
57
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
actin filament
ADP +
ATP
tail
myosin
molecules
head
membrane
58
microtubules
Rope-like
Vary
in nature
Functions:
Interacts
ATP
vesicle
kinesin
kinesin
receptor
61
The Cytoskeleton
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
actin
subunit
Chara
a. Actin filaments
fibrous
subunits
peacock
b. Intermediate filaments
tubulin
dimer
chameleon
c. Microtubules
a(Actin): M. Schliwa/Visuals Unlimited; b, c(Intermediate, Microtubules): K.G. Murti/Visuals Unlimited; a(Chara): The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./photo by
Dennis Strete and Darrell Vodopich; b(Peacock): Vol. 86/Corbis; c(Chameleon): Photodisc/Vol. 6/Getty Images
62
hollow cylinders
Composed of 27 microtubules
One
May
63
Cytoskeleton: Centrioles
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
empty center
of centriole
one microtubule
triplet
200 nm
(Middle): Courtesy Kent McDonald, University of Colorado Boulder; (Bottom): Journal of Structural Biology, Online by Manley McGill et al. Copyright 1976 by Elsevier
Science & Technology Journals. Reproduced with permission of Elsevier Science & Technology Journals in the format Textbook via Copyright Clearance Center
64
In
65
Structure of a Flagellum
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
outer
microtubule
doublet
Flagellum
radial
spoke
central
microtubules
shaft
dynein
side arm
Sperm
plasma
membrane
triplets
Basal body
100 nm
25 nm
dynein
side arms
ATP
In the presence of
ATP, the dynein side
arms reach out to
their neighbors,
and bending occurs.
66
67
Review
Prokaryotic Cells
Eukaryotic Cells
Cell theory
Cell size
Organelles
BIOLOGY
10th Edition
Ribosome:
site of protein synthesis
Fimbriae:
hairlike bristles that
allow adhesion to
the surfaces
Inclusion body:
stored nutrients for
later use
Conjugation pilus:
elongated, hollow
appendage used for
DNA transfer to other
bacterial cells
Mesosome:
plasma membrane
that folds into the
cytoplasm and
increases surface area
Plasma membrane:
outer surface that
regulates entrance
and exit of molecules
Nucleus:
Cytoskeleton:
maintains cell
shape and assists
movement of
cell parts:
Nucleoid:
location of the bacterial
chromosome
Plasma membrane:
sheath around cytoplasm
that regulates entrance
and exit of molecules
Endoplasmic
reticulum:
Cell wall:
covering that supports,
shapes, and protects cell
Sylvia S. Mader
Glycocalyx:
gel-like coating outside
cell wall; if compact, called
a capsule; if diffuse, called
a slime layer
Flagellum:
rotating filament present
in some bacteria that
pushes the cell forward
PowerPoint Lecture Slides are prepared by Dr. Isaac Barjis, Biology Instructor
Copyright The McGraw Hill Companies Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display
69