REVIEW OF RELATED

LITERATURE AND
STUDIES

Conceptual
Research

Literature

Literature

 It

contains literature coming

from books, journalism, and
other forms of material,
concerning or relevant to the
study, but are data-free or non
empirical material, coming from
both foreign and local sources.

These

are empirically
based, like scientific paper,
theses, and dissertations,
both published and
unpublished, coming from
local and foreign sources.

 It

gives researcher several ideas on

how to select and formulate his own
research problem.
It helps the researcher identify studies
that have been done related to the
topic he is interested in.
It avoids possible duplication of similar
studies.
It guides the researcher on the possible
theoretical framework he can use for
his current study.

 It

gives direction to the researcher on how he

will create his own conceptual framework.
It allows the researcher to browse several
kinds of research designs, sampling
techniques, statistical procedures,
questionnaires and processes of presenting,
analyzing , and interpreting data, from where
he could base his own choice for his paper.
It gives a picture of a comparative analysis
between variables used in reviewed
materials and those used in the current
study.

 The

review material must be

current.
Literature and studies reviewed
must be relevant to the study.
Findings or result of reviewed
study should be objective and
free of biases.

 The

data used in the reviewed

materials should be scrutinized in
terms of sampling technique used to
ensure that generalizations are based
on normal population.
Reviewed materials related to the
current study should be enough to
establish a strong and viable trending
of result.

 Graduate theses and Dissertation

Encyclopedia of Educational research
Books
Internet sites and resources

(website, e-journals, e-books)

Dictionaries in education and
psychology

 Identify

How to Write the

Introduction of a Review
of Related Literature

the general topic of the

sources under discussion. Thus, you
will provide the context of your review
of related literature;
Discuss what was already presented
about the topic of your paper: conflicts
in a theory, conclusions, gaps in
research and scholarship, etc.
Explain why the literature used is
worth reviewing

 It

is a way of strengthening or
concretizing ones idea by citing the
similar or relevant ideas or findings of
other researchers and authorities.
Documentation was done through
footnoting or parenthetical reference
citation. Modern writers is now using
parenthetical reference style. The style
is called American Psychological
Association style or APA style

According to Flippo (1984) proper job

performance is achieved only if employees are
trained because they will improve their skills.

Flippo (1984) stated the relationship or

training and performance, thus:
After personnel have been obtained, they
must be to some degree developed.
Development has to do with the increase of
skill through training, that is necessary for
proper job performance.

 When

a work has two authors,

always cite both names every time
the reference occurs in the text. In
parenthetical material join the
names with an ampersand (&).

In the narrative text, join the names with

the word "and."
as Leiter and Maslach (1998)
demonstrated

When a work has three, four, or five

authors, cite all authors the first time the
reference occurs.
Kahneman, Knetsch, and Thaler
(1991) found

 Each member furnish a copy of foreign

and local literature of their study.

Harmonize the information following the
sequence of the question under
Statement of the Problem
Lift, adopt, paraphrase or quote the
essential substance of a written source.
Present the output to the class